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Toxicity and risk of permethrin and naled to non-target insectsafter adult mosquito management
Jerome J. Schleier III • Robert K. D. Peterson
Accepted: 14 April 2010Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010
We derived laboratory LC50 values, assessed
and naled most likely will not result in population impacts
non-target insect risks, and conducted a field bioassay for
on medium- to large-bodied insects.
ultra-low-volume (ULV) aerosol applications of insecti-cides used to manage adult mosquitoes. The house cricket,
Indicator species LC50 Mosquito control
Acheta domesticus (L.), was used as an indicator species
Organophosphate Pyrethroid
for medium- to large-bodied ground dwelling insects. The24-h LC50 values for PermanoneÒ (formulated product ofpermethrin),
Permanone ? piperonyl
technical grade permethrin, and technical grade permeth-rin ? PBO ranged from 0.052 to 0.9 lg/cm2. The 24 h
West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne arbovirus, has
LC50 for technical grade naled and TrumpetÒ (formulated
become endemic to North America and disease cases occur
product of naled) were 0.038 and 0.44 lg/cm2, respec-
throughout the virus transmission season. Since the arrival
tively. The synergist ratio was 2.65 for Permanone ? PBO
of WNV, more areas of the country have experienced
and 1.57 for technical grade permethrin ? PBO. The tox-
icity of technical grade permethrin was about 10-fold
(ULV) aerosol applications of insecticides are used to
greater than Permanone. A risk assessment using modeled
manage high densities of adult mosquitoes and are the
estimated environmental concentrations resulted in risk
minimum effective volume of insecticide that is used as an
quotients (RQ) that exceeded regulatory levels of concern,
outdoor space spray. Currently, adult mosquito management
but when compared to field-derived actual environmental
utilizes pyrethroids and pyrethrins ((Z)-(S)-2-methyl-4-oxo-
concentrations RQs did not exceed a regulatory level of
concern, except in the case of technical grade naled. These
results were expected because higher tiered risk assess-
with piperonyl butoxide (PBO; 5-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)eth-
ments using field-verified data generally lead to lower risk
estimates. Field bioassays using caged crickets showed no
phate insecticides (Rose ).
significant mortality for permethrin or naled after a single
The insecticides commonly used for mosquito man-
truck-mounted ULV application. The results of the risk
agement are highly toxic to non-target organisms like
assessment using actual environmental concentrations are
aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and aquatic vertebrates,
supported by the field bioassays and suggest that a single
and there have been concerns about the effect of ULV
ULV application of synergized or unsynergized permethrin
applications on these organisms (Amweg et al. Daviset al. ; Paul and Simonin Paul et al. ;Schleier III et al. Weston et al. Pyrethrins,
J. J. Schleier III (&) R. K. D. Peterson
pyrethroids, and organophosphate ULV insecticide sprays
Department of Land Resources and Environmental Sciences,
have had detrimental effects on non-target organisms like
Montana State University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman,
honey bees (Caron Hester et al. Pankiw and
MT 59717-3120, USAe-mail:
[email protected]
Jay Womeldorf et al. ; Zhong et al.
J. J. Schleier III, R. K. D. Peterson
Aerial applications of ULV malathion (O,O-dimethyl di-
from lower to higher tiered assessments for non-target
thiophosphate of diethyl mercaptosuccinate) significantly
organisms (Giddings et al. Peterson ; Schleier
decreased populations of certain Hymenoptera (Hill et al.
III et al. Therefore we compared estimated envi-
). However, the aerial applications did not signifi-
ronmental concentrations to actual environmental concen-
cantly affect Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera (exclud-
trations to demonstrate the change in risk when higher
ing Culicidae) populations (Hill et al. ).
tiered assessments are performed.
Materials and methods
impact on aquatic macroinvertebrates and Gambusia affinis(Baird and Girard) when used above wetlands, but did have
Laboratory bioassay
a significant impact on small flying insects (Jensen et al.
). Flying insect populations, though, recovered within
48 h after the initial application. Aerial ULV applications
SD = 51.71 mg) were obtained from Big Apple Herpeto-
with pyrethrins and PBO had no significant impact on caged
logical (Hauppauge, NY, USA) for both the laboratory and
medium- to large-bodied insects within the spray zone, but
field experiments. House crickets were chosen for the lab
researchers observed an impact on smaller-bodied insects
and field experiments because they are considered to be
(Boyce et al. ). Davis et al. (found that the
one of the best indicators of environmental pollution
exposures to mammals, birds, and aquatic vertebrates and
because they are more susceptible than other species of
invertebrates most likely would not result in risks that
invertebrates (Antwi and Peterson ; Bass ; Brie-
exceed regulatory levels of concern after truck-mounted
ger et al. ; Harris ; Hoffmann et al. Tietze
ULV applications. Davis and Peterson ) demonstrated
that there was little to no significant impact on aquatic and
Technical grade permethrin (98% purity) and synergist
terrestrial invertebrates after single and multiple applica-
PBO (98.2% purity) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
tions of permethrin or d-phenothrin (3-(phenoxy)phenyl]
(St. Louis, MO, USA), PermanoneÒ 10% emulsified
concentrate (EC) (permethrin) was obtained from Bayer
propane-1-carboxylate) used for adult mosquito manage-
Environmental Science (Research Triangle Park, NC,
ment. Lawler et al. (found that the use of ULV
USA), TrumpetÒ EC (naled; 1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroeth-
pyrethrins synergized with PBO did not cause significant
yl dimethyl phosphate) was obtained from the AMVAC
mortality of the aquatic invertebrates, Daphnia magna
Corporation (Los Angeles, CA, USA), and technical grade
Straus and Callibaetis californicus Banks. However, truck-
naled (98.2% purity) was obtained from Chem Service
mounted ULV applications of malathion have been shown
(West Chester, PA, USA). Gas chromatograph analysis of
to have a significant effect on house crickets, Acheta
Permanone and Trumpet showed that the percent active
domesticus Linnaeus in a peridomestic setting (Tietze et al.
ingredient in the formulations is 10.05 and 78%, respec-
), causing 12.5–48.7% mortality, depending on the
tively. Stock solutions for technical grade permethrin,
location in residential yards.
technical grade permethrin ? PBO (1:1 technical grade
There have been few studies examining the effects of
permethrin/PBO), Permanone, Permanone ? PBO (1:1
truck-mounted ULV applications on non-target ground
Permanone/PBO), Trumpet, and technical grade naled
dwelling organisms. In addition, there are few data on non-
were prepared for each experiment in high pressure liquid
target arthropods with respect to toxicity and risks associ-
chromatography acetone (99.7% purity; EMD Chemicals,
ated with insecticides used for adult mosquito management.
Gibbstown, NJ, USA). Concentrations of Permanone were
Therefore, the objectives of our study were to determine the
based on 0.84 kg/l, the amount of permethrin in the for-
susceptibility of house crickets to permethrin and naled, and
mulation. Concentrations of Trumpet were based on
perform an ecological risk assessment using the house
1.29 kg/l, the amount of naled in the formulation.
cricket as a surrogate for medium- to large-bodied ground
The LC50 was determined under laboratory conditions
dwelling arthropods. In addition to the toxicity testing and
using methods similar to those of Snodgrass ) and
risk assessment, caged crickets were placed in the field to
Antwi and Peterson ). Acetone solutions of the dif-
determine if the insecticide applications caused significant
ferent active ingredients listed above were applied in 20-ml
glass scintillation vials with a total inside surface area of
Despite the well known approaches in risk assessment of
40.26 cm2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA,
tiers, recursiveness, and refinement (NRC ; SETAC
USA). A 0.5-ml aliquot of test solution was dispensed into
), surprisingly few studies have been conducted and
individual glass vials. Acetone was used as the control.
published that quantitatively characterize the change in risk
Vials were placed on hot dog rollers (model HDR-565, The
Toxicity and risk of permethrin and naled to non-target insects
Helman Group, Ltd., Oxnard, CA, USA) and rotated
Significant differences (p B 0.05) between permethrin and
mechanically so that the acetone dried and the insecticide
naled LC50 estimates were determined by the LC50 ratio
was uniformly coated in the vial. One insect was placed in
test of Wheeler et al. ).
each vial and covered with a perforated cap, without diet.
Treated vials were placed on large plastic trays and left on
the laboratory bench (21.28 ± 0.04°C, photoperiod of 16:8[L:D] h). Mortality was assessed at 24 h, and insects that
The study occurred in conjunction with the Cascade
did not move when stimulated with forceps were consid-
County Weed and Mosquito Control District outside
ered dead. All combinations of permethrin were run at the
of Cascade (N47°13.4890, W111°42.0400), and Ulm
same time so that differences between the treatments and
(N47°25.4020, W111°29.7670), MT, USA during the sum-
times could be analyzed.
mers of 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007 only Trumpet
To establish the concentration-mortality relationships
(formulated product of naled) was applied, while in 2008
the experiments were performed four times so that dose–
both Permanone and Trumpet were applied. Each insecti-
response curves could be produced. The experimental
cidal product was applied once per year in late July or early
design for the permethrin experiments was a complete
August (Schleier III and Peterson ). A truck was
randomized block with eight vials (individuals) per con-
equipped with a Bison (VecTec Inc., Orlando, FL, USA)
centration, 12 concentrations (blocks), and four treatments
ULV generator. Permanone 10% EC was mixed 1:1 with
(technical grade, technical grade ? PBO, Permanone, and
BVA oil (BVA Inc. Wixom, MI, USA) and was applied at
Permanone ? PBO). The experimental design for the
the maximum application rate of 7.85 g active ingredient
naled experiments was a complete randomized block with
(ai)/ha with a flow rate of 205 ml/min. Trumpet was
eight vials (individuals) per concentration, 12 concentra-
applied undiluted at the maximum application rate of
tions (blocks), and two treatments (technical grade naled
22.42 g ai/ha with a flow rate of 44.36 ml/min. Schleier III
and Trumpet).
and Peterson (provide further information on the
To establish the concentration-mortality relationships
for Permanone and Permanone mixed with PBO, insects
Approximately 15 adults were placed in a 25-cm 9
were exposed to 12 concentrations with 32 individuals
25-cm 9 8-cm mesh wire screen cage. One cage of
exposed at each concentration: 0, 0.026, 0.078, 0.13, 0.16,
crickets was placed on the ground 25, 50, and 75 m from
0.19, 0.26, 0.65, 0.78, 1.04, 1.3, and 2.6 lg/cm2. To
the spray truck. There were three sample replicates with
establish the concentration-mortality relationships for
200 m buffer zones between replicates. Three cages of
technical grade permethrin and technical grade permethrin
crickets were placed in a control area located where no
mixed with PBO, insects were exposed to 12 concentra-
spraying or drift could occur, but were subjected to the
tions with 32 individuals exposed at each concentration: 0,
same meteorological conditions as the residue samples.
0.015, 0.031, 0.037, 0.07, 0.093, 0.12, 0.16, 0.19, 0.23,
Cricket mortality was assessed 2 h after application
0.31, and 0.78 lg/cm2. Concentration-mortality relation-
because of low overnight temperatures. BoxCox transfor-
ships were established for technical grade naled and
mations were run on mortality to determine the correct
Trumpet using 12 concentrations with 32 individuals
transformation. Analysis of variance (a = 0.05) was run on
exposed at each concentration: 0, 0.0078, 0.016, 0.0548,
mortalities that were transformed by ln(y ? 1) to deter-
0.078, 0.12, 0.2, 0.24, 0.32, 0.39, 0.79, and 1.59 lg/cm2.
mine differences between crickets in the treated and controlareas.
Non-target insect risk assessment
Abbott's formula was used to correct for control mortality(Abbott Perry et al. ). Synergist ratios were
Ecological risk assessment can be described in quantitative
calculated by dividing the unsynergized LC50 by the syn-
terms as a function of toxicity and exposure (NRC ;
ergized LC50 (Casabe et al. Data were analyzed
USEPA The LC50 values at 24 h were compared
using Statistical Analysis System 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary,
with the actual environmental concentrations (AEC) mea-
NC, USA) and dose-mortality regressions were estimated
sured by Schleier III and Peterson (and estimated
by probit analysis (PROC PROBIT). However, for Per-
environmental concentrations (EEC) from the industrial
manone the poor fit of the model was accounted for by
source complex dispersion model version 3 (ISCST3;
multiplying the variances by a heterogeneity factor
(v2/k - 2), where k is the number of concentrations to
been used to estimate the ground deposition concentrations
account for extra-binomial variations that causes poor fit
of insecticides after ULV applications in previous risk
(Hoekstra Robertson et al. Williams
assessments (Davis et al. Macedo et al. ;
J. J. Schleier III, R. K. D. Peterson
Peterson et al. ; Schleier III et al. , and has
in Table . There was generally a good fit to the model
been shown to be a sufficiently conservative model for
assumptions. Technical grade permethrin alone and syn-
conducting lower tiered risk assessments (Schleier III and
ergized was significantly more toxic than the permethrin in
Permanone alone and synergized. The addition of PBO did
Peterson et al. (and Davis et al. ) contain
not significantly increase the toxicity of Permanone or
more information on the ISCST3 modeling assumptions,
technical grade permethrin. The 24 h LC50 values for
which are briefly reviewed here. The assumptions included:
Permanone, Permanone ? PBO, technical grade permeth-
(a) permethrin had a 24-h half-life in the air and naled had
rin, and technical grade permethrin ? PBO ranged from
a 18-h half-life; (b) the insecticides were applied at the
0.052 to 0.9 lg/cm2 (Table ). The synergist ratio of Per-
maximum application rate as stated on each label; (c) all of
manone ? PBO and technical grade permethrin ? PBO
the insecticides were susceptible to the same weather
was 2.65 and 1.57, respectively. The 24 h LC50 for
conditions using standardized weather data from Salem,
technical grade naled and Trumpet were 0.038 and
Massachusetts, USA, from the year 1988; (d) all spray
0.44 lg/cm2, respectively.
events occurred at 2100 h; (e) each spray was released at1.5 m; and (f) deposition concentrations were estimated
25 m from the spray source.
Actual environmental concentrations of permethrin and
There was no significant difference in mortality between
naled were measured by Schleier III and Peterson (
crickets in the control and treated areas for the Permanone
The applications took place in open fields with no vege-
(F = 0.08, p = 0.78) and naled spray events (F = 1,
tation taller than 20 cm, to represent a worst-case assess-
p = 0.33). During the 2007 naled application, average
ment of ground deposition. Within each study site, surface
mortality was 18% in the treated area and 10% in the control
residue samples were taken. Three replicates with 200 m
area. During the 2008 permethrin application, average
buffer zones between replicates were used. The collection
mortality was 5% in the treated area and 6% in the control
of surface residues at ground level were performed using
area. During the 2008 naled application, average mortality
10 cm 9 10 cm (100 cm2) cotton dosimeters pinned to a
was 1% in the treated area and 3% in the control area.
piece of cardboard at 25 m from the spray truck and werecollected 1 h after application.
The average deposition concentrations 25 m from the
spray truck for permethrin estimated by ISCST3 and AECs
Environmental concentrations estimated by ISCST3 resul-
were 0.18 and 0.0024 lg/cm2, respectively. The average
ted in RQs that exceeded the LOC for Permanone ? PBO,
deposition concentrations 25 m from the spray truck of
technical grade permethrin, technical grade permeth-
naled estimated by ISCST3 and AECs were 0.34 and
rin ? PBO, technical grade naled, and Trumpet, but Per-
0.036 lg/cm2, respectively.
manone alone did not exceed the RQ LOC (Table Risk
We used the risk quotient (RQ) method for estimating
quotients using the EECs exceeded the RQ LOC, which
risk, which is calculated by dividing the deposition con-
were about 10- to 100-fold greater than the RQs using
centration by the LC50. Estimated RQs typically are com-
AECs (Table The RQ for technical grade naled
pared to a RQ level of concern (LOC) which is set by the
exceeded the RQ LOC when using AECs (Table ).
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)or another regulatory agency to determine if regulatoryaction is needed. The RQ LOC used for our assessment was
0.5 (USEPA An RQ C 0.5 means the esti-mated exposure is C50% of the LC50. To assess the change
When examining the risks of insecticides to non-target
in risk when higher tiered risk assessments are performed
arthropods, it is important to consider the AECs of insec-
we compare the RQ for the AECs and EECs.
ticides and the toxicity of the formulated products. In theirecological risk assessment, Davis et al. () used theconservative model ISCST3 to estimate concentrations of
mosquito insecticides that would be deposited on theground. The concentrations estimated by ISCST3 were 75
and 9.5 times greater for permethrin and naled than theAECs used in this study, respectively (Schleier III and
The LC50 values for Permanone, Permanone ? PBO,
Peterson ). The RQs for synergized Permanone, syn-
technical grade permethrin, technical grade permeth-
ergized and unsynergized technical grade permethrin,
rin ? PBO, technical grade naled, and Trumpet are given
technical grade naled, and Trumpet exceeded the RQ LOC
Toxicity and risk of permethrin and naled to non-target insects
Table 1 The 24 h lethal concentrations that kill 50% of a population (LC50) for house crickets treated with PermanoneÒ (formulated product ofpermethrin), Permanone and piperonyl butoxide (PBO), technical permethrin, technical permethrin and PBO, technical naled, TrumpetÒ(formulated product of naled)
Technical permethrin
Technical permethrin ? PBO
a Standard errorb 95% confidence interval for the LC50c Degrees of freedomd Piperonyl butoxide
Table 2 Risk quotients (deposition concentration/LC50) for the
insecticide was coated on the inside of glass vials so that
actual environmental concentration (AEC) from Schleier III and
the house crickets were in constant contact with the
Peterson () and estimated environmental concentrations modeled
insecticide. However, in the field non-target organisms
with ISCST3b for PermanoneÒ (formulated product of permethrin),Permanone ? piperonyl butoxide (PBO), technical grade permethrin,
most likely are not in constant contact with the insecticide.
technical grade permethrin ? PBO, technical grade naled, and
In addition, house crickets have been shown to be more
TrumpetÒ (formulated product of naled) at 24 h
sensitive to pyrethroid insecticides than smaller non-target
organisms such as adult convergent lady beetles, Hippod-amia convergens (Gue´rin-Me´neville) (Antwi and Peterson
The toxicity of technical grade permethrin was about
Technical grade permethrin
10-fold greater than Permanone. Previous studies have
Technical grade permethrin ? PBO
shown that the cis-isomer of permethrin is more toxic than
Technical grade naled
the trans-isomer (Alzogaray et al. ). However, the
increased toxicity of the technical grade cannot be
a Piperonyl butoxide
explained by this fact because technical grade permethrin
b The industrial source complex dispersion model version 3
contained 26.4% cis-isomer, while the Permanone formu-lation contained 35%. Stevens et al. (found that
when compared to the EECs of ISCST3. However, when
technical grade organophosphates have a higher toxicity
the AECs were used, the RQs for all insecticide combi-
than the formulated products. Paul et al. (and Coats
nations were below the RQ LOC, except for technical
and O'Donnell-Jeffery ) found that technical-grade
grade naled.
pyrethroids can be two to nine times more toxic than the
There have been few studies examining the change in
formulated product to fish. The increased toxicity of
risk as more refined risk assessments are performed. Not
technical grade permethrin could be due to a more rapid
surprisingly, our estimates of risks for non-target ground
penetration through the cuticle because high boiling point
dwelling arthropods using AECs were lower than the risks
oils and emulsifiers like those in Permanone can slow the
using EECs. These results are expected because higher
penetration of pyrethroid insecticides (Coats and O'Don-
tiered risk assessments using field verified data generally
nell-Jeffery ; Matsumura Pree et al. ).
lead to lower risk estimates which has been observed for
The toxicity of permethrin to house crickets is similar to
aerial applications of ULV insecticides (Schleier III et al.
that of adult tarnished plant bugs, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot
). Our results were supported by the field bioassay
de Beauvois), green stink bugs, Acrosternum hilare (Say),
showing no significant difference in mortality between
and southern green stink bugs, Nezara viridula (L.), using
crickets in the control and treated areas for either the
methods similar to our study (Snodgrass ; Snodgrass
Permanone or Trumpet treatments.
et al. The LC50 values for technical grade per-
Although we used AECs to estimate risks, the RQs most
methrin ? PBO were similar to technical grade resmethrin
likely still overestimate the risks to non-target ground
dwelling insects. For example, to derive the LC
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Source: http://consensus.fsu.edu/MC/naled-files-2/Schleier%20and%20Peterson%202010%20(permethrin,%20naled%20NTO).pdf
Hôpital local d'Is-sur-Til e LOT N° 15 - PLAFONDS SUSPENDUS : 15-01-00 DEFINITION DES TRAVAUX - REGLEMENTATION – NORMES : 15-01-01 Définition des travaux : Les travaux du présent lot comprennent : - les travaux préparatoires, - les plafonds suspendus en matériau minéral aggloméré, - les ouvrages divers, - toutes les finitions nécessaires au parfait achèvement des ouvrages ci-dessus.
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