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ARCH-Vet 2013


Published by

Federal Department of Home Affairs FDHA
Federal Food Safety and
Veterinary Office FSVO
Schwarzenburgstrasse 155
3003 Bern, Switzerland


Authors
Sabina Büttner
Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
Veterinary Medicinal Products and Antibiotics
[email protected]
Marion Mehmann
Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
Veterinary Medicinal Products and Antibiotics
[email protected]
Cedric Müntener
Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
University of Zurich
[email protected]
Kay Torriani
Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office
Veterinary Medicinal Products and Antibiotics
[email protected]:
Gudrun Overesch
Centre for Zoonoses, Bacterial Animal Diseases and Antibiotic Resistance (ZOBA)
University of Bern
Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology
[email protected]
ARCH-Vet 2013

Sales of antibiotics in veterinary medicine
A steady decrease in the volume of antibiotics sold has been apparent since 2009. In 2013, a total of 53,384 kg of antibiotics were sold for veterinary purposes. This represents a fall of 6.7 % on the year before. Compared with the peak year of 2008, the decline is as much as 26 % (or 18,920 kg). In terms of quantity, sulfonamides once again accounted for the largest volume of sales in 2013, followed by penicillins and tetracyclines. As before, the proportion of medicated pre-mixes is just under two thirds of the total volume (approx. 33 tonnes). The proportion of active ingredients licensed only for pets is 1.5 % of the total volume. The decline in cephalosporin use, first observed in 2011 since recording began, continued in 2013. However, the reduction is due primarily to a drop in sales figures for first-generation cephalosporins. Sales of third and fourth generation cephalosporins, on the other hand, rose slightly. Macrolides too have seen a fall in sales volumes since 2008. However, there has been an increase in sales of long-acting, single-application injections. Sales of fluoroquinolones rose by 15 % in 2013 compared with the year before.
Antibiotic resistance in livestock
Since 2006, various standardised tests have been carried out in Switzerland as a part of a nationwide surveillance programme to assess the situation regarding antibiotic resistance in broilers, fattening pigs and cattle. Continuous monitoring of the development of resistance in zoonotic pathogens and indicator bacteria in livestock is a basic requirement for gaining a better understanding of the risk of resistance spreading within animal populations and, via the food chain, to humans. Consequently, it is also a basis for evaluating measures to improve the situation.
Zoonotic pathogens
In Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) from broilers, resistance to ciprofloxacin has increased significantly since 2006, rising from 15 % in 2006 to more than 41.3 % in 2013. Microbiological resistance to erythromycin was observed only rarely in C. jejuni from broilers. In the reporting year, only two such isolates were found (1.3 %); however, both were also microbiologically resistant to ciprofloxacin. Fluoroquinolones, which include ciprofloxacin, and macrolides, which include erythromycin, are classed as highest-priority critically important antibiotics (WHO / OIE / FAO), because these substance groups represent the treatment of choice for serious forms of campylobacteriosis or salmonellosis in humans. In pigs, the rate of Campylobacter coli (C. coli) strains resistant to streptomycin is very high, at around 74.3 %. However, it was over 90 % in 2006 and has fallen significantly since then. High rates of resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin have also been found; in the case of ciprofloxacin, a statistically significant upward trend has been discernable since 2006. Eight isolates (3 %) showed microbiological resistance to both ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. ARCH-Vet 2013
Antibiotic resistance monitoring programme 2013 Type of sample
Number of
Bacteria tested
Number of resistance
Cloacal swab - broilers Campylobacter spp. Cloacal swab - broilers Cloacal swab - broilers Cloacal swab - broilers Faecal swab - fattening pigs Campylobacter spp. Faecal swab - fattening pigs Faecal swab - fattening pigs Nasal swab - fattening pigs Faecal swab - veal calves Faecal swab - veal calves Faecal swab - veal calves Nasal swab - veal calves Clinical material / all species Salmonella spp. Clinical material / all species S. Typhimurium Clinical material / all species Monophasic S. Typhimurium Clinical material / all species S. Enteritidis The occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Switzerland has remained constant compared with the previous year, at 20.8 %. Prevalence was much lower in 2009 and 2011, at 2 % and 5.6 % respectively. The results show that one clonal MRSA line in particular (CC398-t034) is spreading widely in Switzerland's population of slaughterhouse pigs. This MRSA type is also frequently found in the livestock of other European countries and is a "livestock-associated MRSA". In veal calves, the prevalence of MRSA is still low (at 4 %) and has not risen significantly since 2010. In addition to type CC398-t011 MRSA, type CC398-t034 MRSA was found in veal calves for the first time in this reporting year. Its spread will be monitored over the coming years. Overall, only a few Salmonella isolates were available from clinical material. Resistance was found especially in monophasic S. Typhimurium strains, which were consistently resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline.
Indicator bacteria
In Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates, medium to high rates of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim are found in all animal species. In E. coli isolates from broilers, microbiological resistance to ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid was also observed frequently and, in veal calves, 14 % of E. coli isolates were microbiologically resistant to kanamycin. In pigs, the resistance situation has not changed significantly compared with previous years. In fattening calves, microbiological resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline has declined significantly since 2006. Tests on the enterococcal species E. faecalis and E. faecium showed high rates of microbiological resistance in both broilers and veal calves. In recent years, rates of resistance to bacitracin, tetracycline and erythromycin in E. faecalis from broilers and to bacitracin in ARCH-Vet 2013
E. faecalis from veal calves have declined significantly. As in 2010, a microbiologically vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis isolate from a veal calf was found in this reporting year. The results of studies on ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli did not differ significantly from those in 2012. Using selective methods, ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli were found in 27.7 % of broiler flocks, in 9.4 % of fattening pigs and in 16.6 % of veal calves. Besides resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, the isolates showed very high to extremely high rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracycline and trimethoprim in all three species. The rates of resistance were likewise high to extremely high with regard to chloramphenicol, gentamicin and kanamycin in pigs and cattle. No resistance to carbapenem was found. Conclusion
Microbiological resistance is frequently found in Switzerland, both in zoonotic pathogens and in indicator bacteria of healthy livestock. MRSA has spread in Switzerland's pig population in recent years and microbiological resistance to certain important antibiotic groups is continuing to grow or remains unchanged at a high level. Further monitoring of the development of resistance, and research into the connections between and spreading of resistance in humans and animals, is necessary in order to gain a better assessment of the risk. With the aim of ensuring the effectiveness of antibiotics in preserving human and animal health in the long term, coordinated measures are currently being developed in the National Strategy on Antibiotic Resistance (STAR) in partnership with all sectors involved.

Source: http://www.vbi.unibe.ch/unibe/portal/fak_vetmedizin/b_dept_infdipath/inst_vbi/content/e227701/e246333/ARCH-Vet_2013_Kurz_d_EN_ger.pdf