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Microsoft word - use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery.doc

The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery These guidelines were developed by a committee convened by the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ) comprising representatives from the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS), the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA), the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (RACDS), the Australasian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ASCTS) and a non-affiliated These guidelines were ratified at the CSANZ Board meeting held on Wednesday, 12th August, 2009.
Background

Coronary stent thrombosis is an uncommon but clinically devastating complication of coronary artery
stenting that usually results in significant myocardial infarction or death. The pathophysiology of stent
thrombosis is related to non-endothelialisation of the stent struts, often due to inadequate deployment or
delayed healing in the case of drug eluting stents (1).
Approximately 40% of reported cases have occurred in the context of non-cardiac surgery (NCS)
performed in patients with coronary artery stents, in whom dual antiplatelet therapy or clopidogrel
alone has been ceased (2).
In patients with coronary disease cessation of aspirin or clopidogrel is associated with an approximate
2-3 fold increase in subsequent death or myocardial infarction (3-5). This risk is further elevated in
patients with intracoronary stent and is of added concern because the dramatic consequences of stent
occlusion. There is uncertainty regarding the risks of stent thrombosis in individual patients, and in
particular how to balance this risk against that of surgical complications if antiplatelet therapy is
continued throughout the perioperative period.
This guideline provides consensus advice regarding the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with
intracoronary stents for whom non-cardiac invasive procedures are planned. It is designed for
cardiologists, anaesthetists, surgeons and dentists preparing patients for these procedures.

CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Development of the guideline

Following representation from its members, the Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand
(CSANZ) convened a committee composing representatives from the Royal Australasian College of
Surgeons, the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, the Royal Australasian College of
Dental Surgeons, the Australasian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons and a non-affiliated
consumer.
This Committee was charged with the task of producing guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in
patients with coronary artery stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Individual surgical subspecialty
subgroups were also contacted and asked to provide input and comment on the draft guideline. Details
of the membership of the committee and the surgical subspecialties who contributed are included in
Appendix 1.
A literature review was conducted through searching Medline Database and Cochrane Databases of
systematic reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Specific MESH search terms
included stents, coronary disease, surgery, thrombosis and bleeding. A series of Committee
teleconferences were held during which the literature was discussed and consensus recommendations
developed.
Following this, the draft guidelines were presented for pilot evaluation at clinical forums in different
disciplines. The final guidelines were ratified by the professional societies cited above.
The levels of evidence used in these guidelines are adapted from the National Health and Medical
Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence for clinical interventions (6) (Appendix 2). This has
been combined with the GRADE system of recommendation (7) which incorporates the quality and
consistency of evidence, the balance of benefit against harm, and the applicability of the evidence to the
local context into a single recommendation term (Appendix 3).

Incidence of stent thrombosis during non-cardiac surgery
It is well established that the risk of stent thrombosis is increased in patients who undergo surgical or
invasive dental procedures soon after stent implantation (8, 9). This is contributed to by cessation of
antiplatelet therapy in the context of the prothrombotic milieu of the surgical procedure.
Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) with bare metal stenting (BMS)

Stent thrombosis following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with bare metal stenting occurs most
commonly within the first 4 weeks of the procedure. The current American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Interventions practice guidelines
recommend continuing dual antiplatelet therapy (DAP) for 1 month following placement of bare metal
stents (10). It is recognised that continuing DAP for up to 12 months may further reduce ischaemic
events (11), and these guidelines endorse this practice in patients who are not at high risk of bleeding.
In Australia, it has not been common practice to continue DAP for beyond 1 month in patients with
bare metal stents in the absence of an acute coronary syndrome presentation. This may change with the
Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme reimbursement of clopidogrel for the indication of coronary artery
stenting.
With regard to the specific issue of timing of non-cardiac invasive procedures following PCI with BMS,
the first published series reported a mortality rate of 32% in 25 patients having non-cardiac surgery
within the first 2 weeks of the stenting procedure (8). A subsequent Mayo clinic analysis showed that
of 207 patients undergoing NCS within 9 weeks of stent placement, the death/MI/stent thrombosis rate
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
was 4.8% (8 patients) for the 168 having surgery within 6 weeks. All ceased DAP for the procedure.
None of the 39 patients undergoing surgery between 7 and 9 weeks experienced an event (9).
The 2007 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines on
Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Non-Cardiac Surgery recommend delaying NCS
for at least 6 weeks following PCI with BMS (12). Since these guidelines have been published
however, an updated analysis of the Mayo Clinic database including 899 patients undergoing PCI with
BMS suggested that the frequency of major in-hospital cardiac events (MACE: death, myocardial
infarction, stent thrombosis or repeat revascularisation) was 10.5% when NCS was performed within 4
weeks of stenting, 3.8% when NCS was performed between 31 and 90 days after PCI with BMS and
2.8% when NCS was performed more than 90 days after PCI with BMS. Although the difference
between 31-90 and >90 days was not significant, the authors did conclude that the incidence of MACE
was lowest if the surgery was performed more than 90 days following PCI with BMS (Table 1) (13).

Summary and recommendations:

Death/MI/stent thrombosis/urgent revascularisation are increased if non-cardiac surgery is performed
within 6 weeks of bare metal stenting (5-30%). There would appear to be further reduction of risk if
surgery is deferred for at least 3 months following PCI with BMS.
Elective non-cardiac surgery should be deferred for at least 6 weeks and ideally 3 months following PCI with bare metal stenting (Level of Evidence III-3, GRADE of recommendation A). Following PCI with drug eluting stenting (DES) Late stent thrombosis (> 1 month) has been reported more frequently following placement of drug eluting stents than after BMS, in part attributable to delayed endothelialisation following DES. In view of this, the current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/Society for Cardiovascular Interventions practice guidelines recommend continuing DAP for 12 months following the placement of DES in patients who are not at high risk of bleeding (10). Thrombotic events have been reported beyond this time; with a large registry analysis of 8,146 patients showing a steady incidence of 0.4-0.6% per year for 4 years following DES in patients not receiving DAP (14). An FDA advisory panel on drug eluting stents convened to address the issue of DES thrombosis endorsed the recommended duration of 12 months but suggested that large randomised trials looking at the appropriate duration of antiplatelet therapy are required. The specific question of timing of non-cardiac surgery following PCI with DES has been addressed by several recent studies. Schouten et al reported a series of 192 patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery within 2 years of either bare metal or drug eluting stent placement (15). Early surgery was defined as <1 month post BMS, 3 months post Sirolimus eluting stents (SES), 6 months post Paclitaxel eluting stents (PES). Of the 30 patients who had early surgery, 4 had a fatal event (13.3%). All 4 patients had stopped DAP; the event rate among the early surgery group who stopped DAP was 30%. No patients who continued antiplatelet therapy had an event. Of the 162 patients who had late surgery, only 1 had a fatal event (0.6%). This patient had ceased antiplatelet therapy. A Korean group reported on 141 patients requiring surgery with discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy within 12 months of PCI with DES (16). Stent thrombosis occurred in 7 cases (5%). A prolonged period of discontinuation of clopidogrel was associated with higher risk of stent thrombosis during the perioperative period. The Mayo clinic recently reported their experience on 520 patients undergoing NCS within 2 years of PCI with DES (17). In contrast to earlier studies, 70% of patients continued aspirin within 1 week of surgery and 35% continued both aspirin and clopidogrel. The risk of MACE (death, MI, ST, urgent CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
revascularisation) attenuated over time: 0-3 months: 6.4%, 3-6 months: 5.7%, 6 months-1yr: 5.9%,
>1yr: 3.3% (Table 1). These differences were not significant.
Low event rates were reported in a Cleveland Clinic study linking PCI and NCS databases suggested
the risk of coronary events among patients with DES undergoing NCS to be small. They identified 114
patients who had undergone non-cardiac surgery following DES. 45 of these procedures were
performed within 6 months, and 15 within 3 months of PCI. Most (77%) discontinued AP therapy and
only 2 MIs were reported (18). All these surgical procedures were low risk.
The 2007 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines on
Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Non-Cardiac Surgery recommend delaying NCS
for at least 12 months following PCI with DES (12). This recommendation is acknowledged to be
somewhat arbitrary because of lack of high quality evidence which is based on expert opinion. There
has been no stronger evidence since this guideline was published, and the writing group endorses this
recommendation.

Summary and recommendations:
Perioperative death/MI/stent thrombosis occurs in at least 5% of patients if dual antiplatelet therapy is
ceased and non-cardiac surgery performed within 12 months of DES placement.
Elective surgery should be deferred for 12 months following DES because of a likely increased risk of death/myocardial infarction/stent thrombosis (Level of Evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B).
Predictors of stent thrombosis

In addition to the duration of time that has elapsed since stent placement, patients with a previous stent
thrombosis have a high recurrence rate (19), and stents placed in unprotected left main coronary arteries
represent particularly high risk situations because the consequences of stent occlusion can be
catastrophic (20). There are a number of additional anatomic and clinical features that contribute to the
risk of drug eluting stent thrombosis. These factors have been identified from individual registries and
the strength of association varies (21-23). The data is not sufficiently robust to enable the development
of a pooled relative risk estimate for each variable and it is likely that these factors will change as
further information become available.
The clinical and stent related factors that increase the likelihood of stent thrombosis when antiplatelet
therapy is reduced or stopped are included in Table 2.
Bleeding risks associated with continued antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing non-cardiac
surgery.
Aspirin:
A recent literature based meta-analysis identified 41 studies of low dose aspirin, reporting on 49,590
patients (14,981 on aspirin) (24). Whilst aspirin increased the rate of bleeding complications by 50%, it
did not lead to a higher level of the severity of bleeding complications except for intracranial surgery
and transurethral prostatectomy (see below).
Clopidogrel:
With the exception of patients undergoing CABG, there are few studies reporting on the use of
clopidogrel in addition to aspirin. In a retrospective study of major non-cardiac surgery soon after
coronary stenting, stent thrombosis was implicated in 6/7 patients who died after ceasing thienopyridine
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
therapy, however only 1 of 20 patients who continued the thienopyridine died. Requirements for
transfusion were similar whether or not the antiplatelet agent was continued (25). A recent review of
non CABG surgical procedures concluded clopidogrel added to aspirin increased the risk of bleeding by
a further 50% but with no increase in mortality except during intracranial surgery (26).
Most practicing surgeons regard the published literature as insufficient to guide clinical practice in the
majority of circumstances. The best evidence available is therefore that provided by the limited
literature interpreted through expert opinion. The following is a summary of the recommendations of
the craft groups representing each of the major surgical subspecialties regarding the risk and clinical
consequences of bleeding in patients undergoing procedures while receiving antiplatelet therapy.
Orthopaedic: A large haematoma following elective joint replacement surgery is a significant event
which can lead to other complications such as permanent stiffness, or nerve compression or
compartment syndrome or wound breakdown and infection. The principle that is followed is that any
risk which can be lowered should be adjusted prior to elective surgery.
In trauma situations the situation is quite different and surgeons must often accept the reality of having
to operate while antiplatelet agents are still active, as the alternative (bed rest or traction) is often more
harmful. An Australian retrospective review of 181 patients with proximal femoral fracture
demonstrated no significant difference in the amount of bleeding, transfusion requirement, complication
rate or length of stay in 16 patients taking clopidogrel and in 48 taking aspirin (27).
Ophthalmology: The most serious bleeding complication for ophthalmology would be retro-bulbar
haemorrhage with consequent pressure on the optic nerve and the risk of blindness. The frequency of
retro-bulbar haemorrhage is quoted as a range from 1-3% but only a fraction of these are sight
threatening. While antiplatelet agents do not cause the haemorrhages, they do compound the problem.
For intraocular procedures, mainly cataract and retinal surgery, the risk of bleeding relates to the
anaesthetist's technique. Intraocular surgery does not require stopping antiplatelet agents in the
majority of cases. For extraocular surgery, mainly strabismus and oculo-plastic surgery, the
ophthalmologist would prefer that these agents be stopped.
Dental surgery: Surgery can generally be performed on aspirin, and if necessary, clopidogrel. Several
precautions should be taken. Local anaesthetic should contain adrenaline or nor-adrenaline or both.
Elective cases should be performed in the mornings to minimise the likelihood of bleeding occurring
after hours. Bleeding can usually be contained using local measures.
ENT surgery: Although there is some evidence that performing a tonsillectomy on a patient receiving
aspirin may increase reoperation rate 7.2 times, this operation is rare in stented patients.
Urological surgery: TURP is the most widely performed urological procedure. In one series,
transfusion rate increased 2.7 fold with 2 fatalities (28). This was not replicated in other studies and
practices vary between urologists, with some prepared to perform TURP on patients receiving aspirin
(24). Discussion with the urologist is recommended for these patients.

Intracranial neurosurgery: ASA has been implicated in increased risk of postoperative intracerebral
haematoma contributing to fatal outcome in some cases. Antiplatelet therapy should be ceased in
patients undergoing intracranial surgery.

Spinal surgery: The consequences of bleeding into the closed spinal canal can result in irreversible
cord damage. Cessation of antiplatelet therapy recommended.
Gastrointestinal surgery: Bleeding becomes a major consideration when the area of dissection is
extensive and the associated tissues are fragile. In a retrospective review of 50 patients having major
abdominal surgery, patients who took clopidogrel within 6 days of surgery compared to those who
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
ceased clopidogrel for longer than 6 days had no difference in transfusion rate or outcome despite an
observed increase in bleeding (29).
Plastic and Reconstructive surgery: Minor skin surgery (excision of skin lesions with primary
closure/flaps or grafts). Review of the published literature supports the continuation of antiplatelet
agents in this setting (30, 31). Major reconstructive surgery usually follows extirpative oncological
excisional surgery. In many situations these patients are at high risk of bleeding related complications.
In this setting the relative risk benefits of the individual procedure needs to be discussed by the
multidisciplinary team.
Summary and recommendations:

Despite the observation that dual antiplatelet therapy increases the likelihood of bleeding for most
surgical procedures, the consequences of bleeding are less significant than those of stent thrombosis.
The risk benefit ratio would favour continuation of aspirin in most patients and DAP in many patients with prior coronary artery stenting undergoing non-cardiac surgery (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation: B) Exceptions to this include patients undergoing spinal, intracranial, extraocular TURP or major plastic reconstructive procedures. For these operations, patients at low risk of stent thrombosis should have their antiplatelet therapy routinely ceased perioperatively (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation A).
Approach to the patient at high risk of stent thrombosis and high risk of bleeding related
complications undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
Patients at high risk of perioperative stent thrombosis should have their surgical procedures performed
at sites with 24/7 availability of a PCI service to ensure optimal treatment of an acute coronary
occlusive event should it occur. They should be monitored in a high dependency area in the
perioperative period. For patients at high risk of stent thrombosis in whom clopidogrel is ceased in the
perioperative period, consideration should be given to perioperative bridging with short acting therapy,
although this is an unproven concept (see below). Clopidogrel ± aspirin should be ceased 5 days prior
to surgery and alternative short acting therapy commenced 3 days prior to surgery. Timing of cessation
of bridging therapy will depend on drug half-life. Clopidogrel should be recommenced on the first post
operative day unless this is precluded by ongoing bleeding risk. The (limited) data supporting
individual bridging therapies are discussed below.
Heparins
There are two prospective studies examining the use of UFH/LMWH in patients with coronary stents in
the perioperative setting. Vicenzi (32) reported 103 patients who had coronary stenting within 1 year of
non-cardiac surgery. Antiplatelet therapy was either continued or discontinued for less than 3 days
before operation; all patients received therapeutic doses of heparin or enoxaparin. 21% of patients
suffered myocardial infarction perioperatively, 14% had emergency PCI, with an overall mortality of
4.9%, all attributed to cardiac causes. Bleeding complications were identified in 7%. Patients who
underwent surgery <35 days after stenting had a 2.1 fold increase in events compared to surgery >90
days after insertion, confirming the earlier experience with bare metal stents (8). Weaknesses of this
study include the failure to distinguish between patients with BMS and DES, and details on the timing
and duration of anticoagulant therapy were unclear.
Godet (33) prospectively reported 96 consecutive patients with DES undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
The average interval between stenting and surgery was 14 months. Clopidogrel was ceased in 35 of 72
patients, aspirin in 23 of 90. LMWH was administered to 25 patients (85-100IU antiXa/kg, twice daily
in 9 patients and daily in 16). All patients received LMWH in the postoperative period until clopidogrel
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
was reintroduced. Two stent thromboses occurred, both in patients who had stopped DAP, and 12% of
patients had a troponin rise. One stent thrombosis occurred in a BMS after withdrawal of DAP despite
being given LMWH 40mg BD for 8 days to cover 3 DES and 8 BMS. The other stent thrombosis
occurred in a DES 32 months after insertion after withdrawal of DAP without prophylaxis (personal
communication, Godet).
Although anticoagulant therapy can impact favourably on the prothrombotic environment engendered
during surgery, stent thrombosis is primarily a platelet-mediated phenomenon. This likely explains
why the use of anticoagulant therapy alone has not provided comprehensive protection against stent
thrombosis in the reported studies to date.
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Antagonism of the platelet GIIb/IIIa receptor inhibits platelets cross-linking to fibrinogen, blocking the
major pathway in platelet aggregation. As platelets are thought to play the central role in stent
thrombosis, their use appears more theoretically sound than heparin anticoagulants.
There are a limited number of case reports in the literature on GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors for perioperative
stent thrombosis prophylaxis. One case report describes a patient who required angioplasty and
eptifibatide infusion to treat subacute thrombosis of a recently placed BMS. The patient then developed
hematemesis and required major upper gastrointestinal surgery to treat a Mallory-Weiss tear. The
eptifibatide infusion was continued postoperatively until recurrent hematemesis required its cessation
on the 8th postoperative day, and within 4 hours the patient developed recurrent stent thrombosis (34).
A group at Geelong in Victoria have reported a case series of 3 applications of a heparin/tirofiban
protocol (35) and now have an accumulated series of 15 patients without thrombotic or major bleeding
complications (Myles Conroy, personal communication). The rationale for including unfractionated
heparin is based on the findings of the PRISM-PLUS study (36) in acute coronary syndrome (ACS), in
which one arm was terminated early because use of tirofiban without heparin was associated with an
increased mortality at 7 days. Procedure types have included hip arthroplasty, arthroscopic shoulder
surgery, transurethral resection of prostate and bladder tumours, hernia repair, and colonoscopy polyp
resection. Bridging details are as follows: clopidogrel is ceased 5 days before surgery. Tirofiban and
heparin are commenced 3 days before surgery and ceased 8 hours prior to start of surgery. Clopidogrel
300mg is given on the morning of the first post operative day.
Currently there is a prospective observational study underway at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
examining the use of tirofiban bridging therapy prior to non-cardiac surgery (37).
Evolving and future therapies

Bivalirudin
This direct antithrombin agent requires intravenous infusion but is associated with a reduction in
bleeding risk relative to tirofiban and heparin (38). There is no reversal agent but its half-life is only 25
minutes, with full return of thrombin activity in 1-2 hours. Like heparin and low molecular heparin, it
does not have a direct antiplatelet effect which theoretically limits its efficacy in this setting. There is
one case report of the use of the direct thrombin inhibitor following drug eluting stent insertion to treat
a myocardial infarction in the immediate postoperative period following TKR, without bleeding or
further cardiac complication.
Short acting P2Y12 antagonists
ADP receptor blockers have a similar mechanism of action to clopidogrel and two are undergoing phase
3 evaluation at present (39). The intravenous reversible ADP inhibitor Cangrelor is being evaluated as
short term bridging therapy in 200 patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (40). The orally
administered short-acting reversible antiplatelet agents Ticagrelor (AZD6140) has the advantage of
allowing home-based therapy. However, in preoperative use reliable offset is also required – a phase I
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
study showed 57% inhibition of platelet aggregation persisted at 24h (41) suggesting that a period of
greater than 24h off therapy may be required if bleeding risk is high.
Summary and recommendations:

Perioperative anticoagulation with heparin or LMW heparin provides incomplete protection against
stent related complications. Tirofiban/heparin or eptifibatide/heparin therapy have the theoretical
advantages of providing antiplatelet cover, and allowing use of existing protocols familiar to
interventional cardiology units. The current data however is not sufficient to merit unequivocal
recommendation for this strategy in patients at high risk for stent thrombosis undergoing non-cardiac
surgery.
Patients at high risk of perioperative stent thrombosis should have their surgical procedures performed at sites with 24/7 availability of a PCI service. They should be monitored in a high dependency area in the perioperative period. (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B) Patients at higher risk of stent thrombosis should have antiplatelet therapy continued where possible. (Level of evidence III-3, GRADE of recommendation B.) If clopidogrel ± aspirin must be ceased in patients receiving DAP, bridging strategies could be considered. (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B.) Of currently available bridging strategies, heparin/tirofiban or heparin/eptifibitide have theoretical advantages over heparin/LMW heparin alone, although there are limited data in support of these treatments (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B) CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery Final summary and recommendations

Summary:

Death/MI/stent thrombosis/urgent revascularisation are increased if non-cardiac surgery is performed within 6 weeks of bare metal stenting (5-30%). There would appear to be further reduction of risk if surgery is deferred for at least 3 months following PCI with BMS. Perioperative death/MI/stent thrombosis occurs in at least 5% of patients if dual antiplatelet therapy is ceased and non-cardiac surgery performed within 12 months of DES placement. Despite the observation that dual antiplatelet therapy increases the likelihood of bleeding for most surgical procedures, the consequences of this bleeding are generally less significant than those of stent thrombosis. Perioperative anticoagulation with heparin or LMW heparin provides incomplete protection against stent related complications. Tirofiban/heparin or eptifibitide/heparin therapy have theoretical advantages however the current data are not sufficient to merit unequivocal recommendation for this strategy in patients at higher risk for stent thrombosis undergoing non-cardiac surgery.
Recommendations:

Elective non-cardiac surgery should be deferred for at least 6 weeks and ideally 3 months following PCI with bare metal stenting (Level of evidence III-3, GRADE of recommendation A). Elective non-cardiac surgery should be deferred for 12 months following DES (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B). Wherever possible, continuation of antiplatelet therapy is recommended in patients with prior coronary artery stenting undergoing non-cardiac surgery (Level of evidence III-3, GRADE of recommendation B). Exceptions to this include patients undergoing spinal, intracranial, extraocular, TURP or major plastic reconstructive procedures. For these patients antiplatelet therapy should be ceased perioperatively (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation A). Patients at high risk of stent thrombosis in whom antiplatelet therapy is ceased perioperatively should have their procedures performed at facilities with capacity for 24/7 PCI, and should be monitored in a high dependency area in the peri-operative period (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B). In selected cases, in patients receiving DAP prior to surgery, consideration may be given to receive bridging therapy with heparin/tirofiban or heparin/eptifibitide although there are limited data in support of such treatments (Level of evidence IV, GRADE of recommendation B). CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery General approach to patients with prior coronary artery stents
undergoing non-cardiac surgery
Surgeons must contact the patient's cardiologist prior to surgery if a stent has been implanted Evaluate the risk for stent thrombosis (Table 2) If possible, defer surgery until ‘course' of dual antiplatelet therapy complete (6 weeks to 3 months following BMS and 12 months following DES) If surgery is required for a patient at high risk of stent thrombosis ensure a multidisciplinary consultation with the patient's cardiologist and anaesthetist Ensure the patient is informed of the relative risks and consequences of both stent thrombosis and bleeding complications Ensure the surgical procedure is performed at a facility equipped to adequately monitor for and rapidly treat perioperative stent thrombosis Tailor antiplatelet therapy according to risk (Table 3) Recommence oral antiplatelet therapy as soon as possible following the procedure CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery Table 1: MACE* rates according to days from stent to non-cardiac surgery for
bare metal and drug eluting stents
BMS (n=899)
DES (n=520)
Time (days)
Time (days)

*MACE: death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis or repeat revascularisation
BMS: bare metal stent, DES: drug eluting stent
Data from Mayo Clinic, adapted from (13, 17)
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery Table 2: Evaluating risk for stent thrombosis
Previous coronary stent and need for non-cardiac invasive procedure What type of stent? Bare metal stent Drug eluting stent How long since stent How long since stent Presence of additional Additional risk factors for stent thrombosis Clinical factors: Anatomic factors • Previous stent thrombosis • Left main stenting • Advanced age (>80 years) • Bifurcation stenting • ACS indication for stent • Ostial stenting • Small (<3mm) stent • Renal impairment • Long (>18mm) stent • Low ejection fraction • Multiple stents *There is insufficient published data to quantify additional risk associated with each
identified risk factor and clinical judgement is required. Each factor contributes
independently; the greater the number of risk factors, the greater the perioperative risk
of stent thrombosis.
Adapted from (42)
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery Table 3: Perioperative antiplatelet therapy tailored to risk
Stop antiplatelet Stop antiplatelet complication risk therapy* and if on • Intracranial bridging therapy • Spinal • Extraocular Continue antiplatelet Continue antiplatelet complication risk not therapy * Stopping DAP 5 days before surgery is adequate to prevent bleeding complications (43). Antiplatelet therapy should be recommenced as soon as possible after the procedure. CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Appendix 1

Writing Committee:
A/Prof David Brieger
Prof Roger Allan Prof Mark Edwards Mr Mike Hollands Prof Len Kritharides Dr David Marshman A/Prof Robin Woods
Craft groups and societies contributing to the guideline:
Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand (CSANZ)
Royal Australasian College of Surgeons (RACS)
Australasian Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ASCTS)
Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA)
Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (RACDS)
Australian and New Zealand Society for Vascular Surgery
Australian Orthopaedic Association
Australian Society of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery
Australian Society of Plastic Surgeons
General Surgeons Australia
Neurosurgical Society of Australia
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists
Urological Society of Australia and New Zealand
CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
Appendix 2
NHMRC levels of evidence
Level of evidence
Evidence obtained from a systematic review of all relevant randomised controlled trials Evidence obtained from at least one properly designed randomised controlled trial Evidence obtained from well designed pseudo-randomised controlled trials (alternate allocation or some other method) Evidence obtained from comparative studies with historical control, two or more single-arm studies, or interrupted time series with a parallel control group Evidence obtained from comparative studies with historical control, two or more single-arm studies, or interrupted time series with a parallel control group. Evidence obtained from case series, either post-test or pre-test and post-test
Appendix 3

The GRADE approach to evaluating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations (7)
The GRADE system is a systematic and explicit approach to making judgements about the quality
of evidence and the strength of recommendations.
The approach takes into account study design, study quality, consistency and directness in judging
the quality of evidence for each important outcome.
The balance between benefits and harms, quality of evidence, applicability, and the certainty of the
baseline risk are all considered in judgements about the strength of the recommendation.
GRADE of Recommendation indicating a judgment that most well informed people would make indicating a judgment that a majority of well informed people would make but a substantial minority would not. CSANZ Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery
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