Microsoft word - benefits of exercise in the workplace.doc

Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 32 BENEFITS OF EXERCISE IN THE WORKPLACE The general idea of this study is about the benefits that exercise has in the workplace, primarily a manual labor workplace such as construction. Heavy research has been done on this topic along with experimentation. The study shows why it is important for an organization or company to keep their employees or members physically healthy to complete their tasks in an appropriate amount of time which would result in greater profits for said organization or The experimentation process was very fun and informative. Two groups, one that exercised and one that did not exercise, competed in a fair and neutral atmosphere where their times were noted. The results of the study were very interesting and it showed data on many independent variables involved. This study would not work with all workplaces but could definitely not hurt any organizations or companies. The project would greatly benefit other organizations or companies where they had manual labor employees. Depending on how much money or time was invested to their employees would probably determine the level of health a company could get out of their employees. Each company is different and would have to find what works for them best. However this study specifically shows why it is important to exercise and be healthy. In the end it is for the greater good of not only the organization or company but the employee that works for such organization. Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 33 INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The benefits of exercise for the workplace have been immense. There have been many studies that have shown benefits from exercise from everyday life to primarily benefits for the workplace. The setting of the primary study was done at the job sites of RHC, LLC. RHC is a construction company with more than twelve employees. The benefits of exercise were shown through vigorous work hours from employees who exercised to those who did not. Statement of Purpose The purpose of the project was to show how exercise benefited the employees, employer, and customers that are associated with RHC LLC, a construction company based in the greater Tulsa, OK, area during the work year of 2008. Exercise has been found to allow greater flexibility for the company as a whole, by controlling absenteeism and improving production levels. All employees were monitored during the process to show how and why the benefits were Organizational Context Setting of the Problem The organization looked at was a construction company in the greater Tulsa area called RHC, LLC. RHC an interior trim and remodeling company that started in 2003. RHC did research on all twelve of their employees. Of their twelve employees, RHC has had some Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 34 workers that exercise and some that do not exercise. RHC dissected the benefits from the employees who exercised and compared them to those who did not. The results that were obtained guided RHC on where to put certain employees so they could better help the company. History and Background of Organization Exercise has been proven a key contributor to good health. The problem at hand with RHC is not everyone exercised. Therefore there were employees who could not keep up with the workload that other employees were keeping up with, especially from the employees who exercised. Being active in one's job has shown to be an advantage to overall health. But if one's job is an active job then they had to go a step further to keep up. Competing with the younger employees has been something a lot of the older generation workers at RHC have had a problem with, which has gone on to show problems with production which slows down jobs and affects the budget and profits of the company. The employees at RHC ranged from the ages of 22 to 58. Employees ranged from skinny and moderately strong to overweight and fat. All employees studied were men. All levels within the company were studied from the entry level trim carpenter, lead carpenters, job foremen, to the owner himself. Scope of the Problem Some of the employees at RHC were not able to endure a strong work pace for an entire day. All the research was gathered from the day's workload at particular jobsites. Heavy lifting, moving, and carrying were all involved. There were no limits to the studies reported in the project. Each employee was studied on a particular day chosen by the owner of the company. Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 35 The days were randomly chosen and not one employee knew they were being studied. The project has shown the benefits that the employees, employer, customers, and the company in general gain from exercise. Significance of the Project Exercise has benefited many that are associated with RHC. Those who exercise have shown better production rates, less absenteeism, and better attitudes than the other employees who do not have an exercise plan. The benefits to the employer are employees who have a good morale which strengthens the core of the company. The employees with their better production rates also showed an improvement in overall profits and time getting the job completed. The customers benefit by getting a quality product at a more affordable price, in significantly less time than they would have received it before. Finally the company benefits from exercise because it maintains a hardworking employee base that can grow not only the profits but its customer base. The goals of RHC are to provide the customer with impeccable customer service while still turning substantial profits. Exercise contributed and helped RHC realize all its goals in Definition of Terms Interior trim: All woodwork done on the inside of structures. Job foremen: persons within the company who have reached the ranking of supervisor of a particular project. Lead carpenters: trim carpenters who are leaders on a worksite who can help the supervisor relay Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 36 Remodels: Renovating a structure that has already existed. Trim carpenters: workers who primarily work with wood from setting doors, building cabinets, and doing all woodwork related to the interior of residential homes to commercial buildings. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Introduction Being healthy and in shape has been vital to a lot of manual labor and physically challenging jobs today. Many manual labor jobs are fast paced so one should be in the best health possible in order to keep up with today's demands. The two best ways for a person to be healthy is by eating right and exercise (Jensen, 2007). This report has shown the benefits exercise has in the workplace, and just being healthy in general. Also, the report went into detail on how one could reach the best possible health by exercise and using various supplements in aiding one to get their body healthy. Decreased Levels of Absenteeism Research has shown that with healthy employees the absentee rate at work decreases of unhealthy employees. Employees that have been healthy are more resistant to illnesses that go around from person to person (Doyle, 2007). Many companies have found that having a fitness center on site or offering in a benefit package a membership to a gym has gotten their employees exercising more. Work-site fitness programs have gained in popularity because of the potential to lower absenteeism, job turnover, and increase job productivity and morale (Wattles & Harris, 2003). This removed the excuse that one cannot afford to go to the gym or often that the gym is too far away. Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 37 Increased Energy Levels One key in manual labor jobs has been to get the most out of the employees. Typically most manual labor jobs have had to generate high production levels. In a study shown by Mathew Wattles and Chad Harris (2003), more than ninety percent of the individuals tested agreed that exercising helped their productivity at work. The report meant that with a higher productivity level there were higher energy levels that came from the exercise. Manual labor employees who exhibited higher energy levels typically set higher standards for themselves at work, which benefits the employer and the company, because of higher production levels. Employees have shown a stronger satisfaction of what they are doing. Satisfaction and higher standards resulted from higher energy levels that can be produced from a regular daily exercise plan. Additional Benefits from Exercise High energy levels and day to day health were not all the benefits that came from exercise. Weight loss is an incredible result that has occurred from exercise for some people. Increasing physical activity has been shown to burn more calories, which helps in breaking a weight loss plateau (Scott, 2008). Physical activity has not only shown to lower stubborn body fat, but also to reduce levels of blood pressure, cholesterol, and lessens the risks of cancer and diabetes (Hellmich, 2008). This allows a person to live longer and healthier just with a little exercise. Helping weight loss Hellmich (2007) notes that exercising can also be an appetite suppressant. Exercising has shown to leave a person feeling less hungry. Some overweight people have been seen to have troubles with heart problems later on in life. Regular exercise has Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 38 shown to protect against diseases associated with chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (Peterson & Pederson, 2005). Being overweight doesn't necessarily mean one might not be in shape. Many people have shown to carry extra weight; it is just in their body's nature. One study depicted the benefit of exercise was enjoyed regardless of body mass, and that being fitter does not always mean being thinner (Australian, 2007). One could look at a manual labor job of many athletes from football to boxing and see overweight people that are in tremendous shape. Some types of exercise have shown not to help rid away body fat. Exercise has even been linked to reduce stress levels. Exercise has been shown to fire up various brain chemicals, which may leave a person feeling happier and more relaxed than before he or she worked out (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2007). High levels of stress could damage a person mentally and physically. Stress has caused ulcers and heart problems. Stress has shown to affect one's job. High stress levels reduced productivity and cause many errors that should not have been made. There have been other findings of benefits from exercise for the brain. Cardiovascular exercise has been associated with improved cognitive functioning in aging humans. These effects have been shown to be the greatest in higher order cognitive processes, such as working memory, switching between tasks, and inhibiting irrelevant information, all of which are thought to be subserved, in part, by the frontal lobes of the brain (Colcombe, 2006). Levels of Exercise There have been different levels of being healthy. One could be strong and have more energy in small concentrated bursts, or one can be toned and sustain a higher level of energy for Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 39 a longer course. Thirty minutes of activity equated to burning between 600-1200 calories (Myers, 2003). The Surgeon General recommended at least thirty minutes of activity almost everyday of the week. The activity could be walking, jogging, or anything that keeps the body in movement. Movement signified burnt calories, which is exercise. Exercise as little as just walking an hour a day has been shown to burn an extra 1500 to 2000 calories a week, which is around a full day's average recommended serving of calories. A faster jog or a run could burn even more depending on the energy used and the time spent. Jogging or running has shown to give a person more endurance at work while other employees are starting to slow down. If the total energy expenditure of exercise was held constant, exercise performed at a vigorous intensity appears to convey greater cardioprotective benefits than exercise of a moderate intensity (Swain & Franklin, 2006). Therefore the more a person has put into their exercise routine, the more benefits a person will get out of it. One other level of exercise is weight lifting. Healthy persons of all ages, as well as many with chronic diseases, should engage in single-set resistance exercise programs of up to 15 repetitions at least 2 days per week. Each work-out session should consist of 8 to 10 different exercises that train the major muscle groups (Ashe & Khan, 2004). Weight lifting has been shown as the primary way to grow muscles in the body. Exercising by doing weights or resistance training has been shown to be tougher on the body but the rewards are worth it. Depending on the field a person worked in, stronger muscles has been an advantage if there is a lot of lifting involved in the particular job. Supplements that Aid in Exercise Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 40 Being healthy has not been just about exercise anymore to Americans. Many Americans have wanted to see results faster and that means there has to be aids in a person's daily exercise. There have been many supplements that can be taken for this from creatine to just a plain multi- vitamin. A multi-vitamin has been a pill that has about all the daily nutrients one needs in a day, and gives the body added nutrients that might not get ingested from food during that day (Robertson, 2006). The multi-vitamin has been a very good supplement to take even if one does not exercise. Multi-vitamins have shown to have a high vitamin-C level, which boosts the immune system that keeps a person from being sick often. Creatine has been a relatively new supplement. Creatine became popular towards the mid 1990's. Studies have shown that creatine shows better muscular results than if not used at all (Walana, 2007). Creatine, a nitrogenous amino acid that when synthesized involves three other amino acids: glycine, arginine, and methionine. Creatine has shown to add more mass to the body, add more strength and more endurance to one's particular workouts. Glutamine is another supplement that has gained in popularity. Glutamine, an amino acid that has promoted recovery. Glutamine's primary function has been to heal muscle fibers allowing the person exercising to use them in full force sooner. Glutamine has been shown to reduce the break down of muscles (Pirisi, 2003). Lastly, one of the supplements that have been in the market legally and illegally is various forms of testosterone. There are supplements that mimic testosterone or just raise it. Many supplements like steroids and pro-hormones have been banned from the United States but there are some people still finding ways to get them in the country. Some legal ways of boosting Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 41 testosterone levels have been supplements like Tribulus and DHEA. These obviously have been toned down and won't give a person the same results that steroids or pro-hormones deliver however do boost testosterone levels slightly. Higher testosterone levels have raised exercise levels for endurance and strength training. Conclusion There was substantial evidence that considerable medical advantage was derived from even regular moderate exercise and fitness, such as improvement in aerobic power and maximum oxygen uptake, blood lipid levels and glucose tolerance, as well as enhanced self-assurance, a sense of psychological and physical well-being, and improved overall quality of life (Maron, 2004). Being healthy has had great advantages for people that everyone should take advantage of. Just making one's job easier was worth exercising in itself. However exercising has also promoted a state of well being. Weight loss and looks were not the only benefits of exercise. Exercise has affected all aspects of life from mood to preventing harmful problems like cancer and diabetes. For employers and managers, exercise has been a major key to lower absentee rates and higher energy levels. Exercise has enabled a company to produce more products and raise profit levels. Finally, exercise has made people happier, which has to be at the top. Happier employees work for the greater good of themselves and their company. Hypothesis The key question in this study is if exercise truly does benefit employees in the manual labor workplace. There have been many studies showing how exercise benefits people, and there Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 42 have been many businesses, mainly larger corporations, that keep exercise facilities on site. RHC, the business for this particular study, wanted to know if there was a difference in production levels between employees who exercise on a regular basis and employees who do not exercise on a regular basis. The null hypothesis in this research study is that there was no difference between those employees who exercise and those who do not. The expected outcome, the alternate hypothesis, is that employees that exercise regularly were conditioned to produce more in eight to twelve hour days than the employees who are not conditioned as well based on an exercise program. The design of this study was created to be as fair as possible with each employee tested having the exact duty with the same amount of time as the opposite employee. This experimental study had dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable was the benefit from exercise in the manual labor workplace. The independent variable in the research study was the exercise. Nobody in the study knew about the study. This was done this way so there would not be any outside influences to change how the testing would take place. Keeping the participants unaware prevented any bias to the results gathered among the employees at RHC. Participants There were ten participants in the RHC exercise study. At the time of the study, there were only five employees that exercised that were employed at RHC. The other five employees chosen for the study were picked randomly out of eight employees who did not participate in an exercise program. All the candidates chosen for the study were males because there were no Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 43 female employees that worked in the field at the time of the study. Age can play a part in this study because it is a physical manual labor study. The average age of the employees who did not exercise was thirty-seven, and the average age of the employees who exercised was thirty-nine. The employees who did not exercise actually had youth on their sides. Skill level was also not an issue because the study was on an entry level job, and all participants studied have had more than two years experience. Instrumentation Benefits, of exercise in the workplace, were the dependent variable in the study. The primary benefit of exercise is a higher production level. The dependent variable was measured by how many interior doors could be set and cased in a ten hour day. Since RHC primarily works eight to twelve hour days then owner wanted to take the average of RHC's normal work day. The higher the number of doors set the higher the production level. One point was given for setting the door and two points for casing the door, one point for each side cased. A total of three points per door completed. The study had to be over a two-week period due to that there were not enough doors in the houses worked on to allow all the participants to set doors at the same exact Procedure The procedure starts off by setting the pre-jambed interior doors. The second step was putting the door moldings called case around the door. The third step was to do step two on the other side of the door. So the participants could not pick up their speed by doing an inferior job the doors were inspected by both the owner and general manager of the company. If there were Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 44 any errors points would be deducted from the three steps mentioned above. After the data were collected from the study they were put into an independent t-test. Data Analysis Descriptive analysis. In the descriptive analysis of the study the mean and the standard deviation were found from the production numbers. The data was then entered into the WebSTATISTICA program (StatSoft, 1992-2009) provided by the university to calculate the Inferential analysis. There would be a difference in production levels of those employees who exercise and those who did not exercise. That was my hypothesis in the study (Ha: µ exercise ≤ µ no exercise). The null hypothesis was that there was no difference in production levels among those employees who exercised and those who did not exercise (Ho: µ exercise ≥ µ no exercise). The level of significance used in the study was .05 and the hypothesis was tested with an independent t-test. Limitations There were not any limitations on the study because everybody that participated had the exact amount of time and all had the knowledge of setting and casing interior doors. As stated above, all the doors were pre-jambed and the sizes of the door moldings were all the same. The judging was done by two people instead of one for stricter regulations on the project. SUMMARY OF RESULTS Descriptive Data Analysis Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 45 There were ten participant cases in the project. In each case all the participants were timed doing the same amount of work. Of the ten participants, five participants exercised regularly and five participants did not exercise at all. The sample size was ten. The mean total minutes of the exercise group was 416.60, and the mean total minutes of the non-exercise group was 469.80. The standard deviation of the project (s) exercise group was 27.47, and the non- exercise group was 24.75. Table 1 shows descriptive data and the t-test table of information. Figure 1 is a histogram of times for exercise and no exercise, and Figure 2 is mean plot with confidence intervals. Descriptive Statistical Information Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 46 Figure 1. Histogram of times As shown in Figure 2 the times in total minutes are substantially less for the yes group than the no group. Figure 2. Mean plot. The confidence levels are overlapping but not by much. The overall mean of the yes is lower than the no group. Inferential Data Analysis Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 47 My hypothesis stated there would be a difference in production levels favoring those employees who exercised over those who did not exercise (Ha: µ exercise ≤ µ no exercise). The null hypothesis stated that that there was no difference in production levels among those employees who exercised and those who did not exercise (Ho: µ exercise ≥ µ no exercise). The level of significance used in this two sample independent t-test was .05. The critical value was -1.860, with 8 degrees of freedom. The t-value equaled -3.21. Therefore, the null hypothesis was rejected. The conclusion of test meant that those who exercised likely had significantly lower production times than those who did not exercise. Figure 3 shows a box and whisker plot of the median time at task. Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 48 Figure 3. Box & Whisker Plot. The Box & Whisker Plot shows the overall median for the yes group of time at task is lower than the no group. Exploratory Statistical Analysis Extra data mining was done to find the importance of some independent variables and how they might have affected the exercise, in a feature selection and root cause analysis. In Figure 4, exercise was still the dominant variable. However, it could be found that other variables such as number of types of exercises, weight, smoking status, and height had a minimal Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 49 affect on the project. One other independent variable had almost no predictive value on the exercise and that was age of the participants. Figure 4. Importance Plot. GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The data acquired from the study reflects the hypothesis in that people that worked a construction-style of job who exercised regularly would be able to produce more in the same amount of time than people who do not exercise. Other variables could have posed an affect on the outcome. With some data mining and more exploratory analysis, factors such as smoking, Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 50 age, height, and weight seemed unlikely to have had an impact on the study times. One reason it could have had a minimal impact is that out of the ten participants the age, height, weight, and smoking status were about equal on both sides. Therefore, the results seemed to have come from the main independent variable at hand, which was exercise. Maybe a larger study would reveal effects of some of the other variables. Strengths and Weaknesses There were various strengths and weaknesses in this study. Some primary strengths were that there was an equal amount of work for everybody involved in the project. Another strength was time is a consistent constant. A fair time was given and it could not be manipulated. A final strength that keep the study fair was a leader from both groups evaluated all work that was done and it was found that both groups had to stay within normal quality standards. Weaknesses of the project were few but still a relevant factor. The first weakness was the sample size and constitution. I had no way of knowing if those participants truly represented the population of all construction workers so my conclusions were limited to RHC. There was only enough equal amount of work for ten participants. Even if there was more work, there were only twelve possible participants during the study. The other weakness, which is uncontrollable, was the effort put forth by each participant. Since everybody involved in the study participated because it was mandatory, it is a possibility that some participants did not give their duties one- hundred percent of their effort. Only the participants could change this uncontrollable factor. Recommendations Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 51 This study has given a new insight to the management team at RHC. Some recommendations that are suggested would be possibly getting a company-wide health club membership, and giving bonuses for good health and or high production rates. This study does not prove that exercise can benefit all workplaces. However, it has shown in this study's literature review to have a great affect on a manual labor workforce. Therefore, for companies in the construction industry it might prove quite valuable for them to have exercise programs and benefits that would in turn provide better production levels and that might increase profits within Suggestions for Future Research There are some suggestions if someone were to redo this study. The first would be to produce a larger sample size that might be more representative of other construction sites. Another recommendation would be to allow for more time for the project. A final recommendation, which I believe could be crucial, would be to give bonuses for the participants on exceptional times. The reason behind this it would give a goal for the participants to shoot for which would then force them to put forth their maximum effort. That would in part remove one of the weaknesses mentioned earlier. Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 52 Ashe, M. C. & Khan, K. M. (2004). Exercise prescription. Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Vol. 12, No. 1. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Colcombe, S. J. (2006). Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://biomed.gerontologyjournals.org/cgi/content/full/61/11/1166 Doyle, B. (2007). 10 reasons to encourage fitness in the workplace. Retrieved May 14, 2008, Exercise: 7 benefits of regular physical activity. (2007). MayoClinic.com. Retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/exercise/HQ01676 Fitter beats thinner. (2007). The Australian. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from Hellmich, N. (2007). Research fleshes out the benefits of exercise. USA Today. Hellmich, N. (2008). Action is louder than weight. USA Today. Jensen, M. (2007). Belly fat in men: what you need to know. MayoClinic.com. Retrieved June 20, 2008, from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/belly-fat/MC00054 Maron, B. J. (2004). Recommendations for physical activity and recreational sports participation for young patients with genetic cardiovascular diseases. Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1 Benefits of Exercise in the Workplace: Ryan Henderson 53 Myers, J. (2003). Exercise and cardiovascular health. Circulation: Journal of the American Heart Association. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Pirisi, A. (2003). Glutamine: the conditionally essential amino acid. Life Extension. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://www.lef.org/magazine/mag2003/aug2003_report_allabout Robertson, C. (2006). Health care – the many advantages of taking a multivitamin. Ezine Articles. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Health-Care:-The- Scott, J. R. (2008). 6 great benefits of exercising. About.com. Retrieved June 21, 2008, from StatSoft, Inc. (1992-2009). WebSTATISTICA (data analysis software System), Version 6 . www.statsoft.com. Tulsa: Author. Swain, D. P. & Franklin, B. A. (2006). Comparison of cardioprotective benefits of vigorous versus moderate intensity aerobic exercise. The American Journal of Cardiology. Retrieved May 17, 2008 from http://www.ajconline.org/article/S0002-9149(05)01699- Walana, F. (2007). Seniors bulk up on supplement. Toronto Star. Wattles, M. & Harris, C. (2003). The relationship between fitness levels and employee's perceived productivity, job satisfaction, and absenteeism. Journal of Exercise Physiology Innovation and Empowerment: SNU-Tulsa Research Journal, Volume 1, Issue 1

Source: http://home.snu.edu/dept/tulsa/snuie/Benefitsofexerciseintheworkplace.pdf