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Comparison of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray versus
fluticasone propionate 50 ␮g in the treatment of seasonal
allergic rhinitis
Michael A. Kaliner, M.D.,* William Storms, M.D.,# Stephen Tilles, M.D.,§ Sheldon Spector, M.D.,¶Ricardo Tan, M.D.,¶ Craig LaForce, M.D.,储 Bobby Q. Lanier, M.D.,** and Bradley Chipps, M.D.## The efficacy of nasal antihistamines (NAHs) for allergic rhinitis (AR) is comparable with or better than second-generation oral antihistamines, with faster onset of action and greater effect on congestion. Limited data suggest that NAHs may beequivalent to intranasal corticosteroids at reducing the full range of nasal seasonal AR (SAR) symptoms, including congestion.
The efficacy of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril b.i.d.) for symptoms of SAR was compared with fluticasone 50microg nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril q.d.) in a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, 2-week noninferiority trial. A total of130 symptomatic patients were randomized to treatment and they recorded nasal and ocular allergy symptom scores b.i.d.
(morning and evening) in a diary. Both treatments reduced reflective and instantaneous assessments of nasal and ocularsymptoms from baseline throughout the 2-week study period (p ⬍ 0.05). The reflective total nasal symptom score (the primaryefficacy variable) decreased by an average of ⫺45.4% for patients treated with olopatadine 0.6% and by ⫺47.4% for thosetreated with fluticasone; statistical significance favoring olopatadine was demonstrated at day 1. No significant between-treatment differences were determined for the average 2-week percent changes from baseline for congestion, runny nose,sneezing, itchy nose, and ocular symptoms, although olopatadine had a faster onset of action for reducing all symptoms. Bothtreatments were safe and well tolerated. Olopatadine and fluticasone nasal sprays both reduced nasal and ocular SAR symptomswith no significant between-treatment differences except for a faster and greater onset of action with olopatadine. (Allergy Asthma Proc 30:255–262, 2009; doi: 10.2500/aap.2009.30.3232) Key words: Allergic conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, allergy, antihistamines, fluticasone, intranasal steroids, nasal
antihistamines, olopatadine, seasonal allergic rhinitis Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved Allergic rhinitis (AR), one of the most common
The characteristic symptoms of AR are sneezing, atopic diseases, afflicts an estimated 35–50 mil- rhinorrhea, nasal itching, nasal congestion, and itchy/ lion people in the United States, up to 30% of the red/watery eyes. Patients also frequently report head- general population.1,2 Although often dismissed as a aches and/or facial pain, snoring, and sleep distur- "nuisance disorder" by both clinicians and patients, bance.1,2,4 Although generally not life-threatening, the the costs are substantial— both in terms of direct ex- symptoms can be annoying and debilitating—interfer- penditures and societal costs related to absenteeism ing with daily activities, performance and concentra- and presenteeism. AR represents a hyperactive im- tion, rest, and contributing to absenteeism and presen- mune system response to otherwise benign, noninfec- teeism.1,2,4 Rhinitis is often associated with other tious environmental aeroallergens (e.g., pollens, mites, chronic conditions including asthma, eustachian tube and animal danders).2,3 dysfunction, otitis media, rhinosinusitis, atopic derma- DO NOT COPY
titis, allergic conjunctivitis, and obstructive sleep ap-nea.1,4,5 Thus, early treatment of rhinitis symptoms can From the *Institute for Allergy and Asthma, Chevy Chase, Maryland, #The WilliamStorms Allergy Clinic, Colorado Springs, Colorado, §ASTHMA, INC, NW, Asthma have significant clinical benefit.
and Allergy Center, Seattle, Washington, ¶California Allergy and Asthma Medical Topical nasal antihistamines (NAHs) represent the Group, Los Angeles, California, 储Carolina Allergy and Asthma Consultants, Raleigh, latest addition to the armamentarium for treating North Carolina, **North Texas Institute for Clinical Trials, Fort Worth, Texas, and##Capital Allergy and Respiratory Disease Center, Sacramento, California AR. The efficacy of these topical agents is compara- Funding for this research was supported by Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, Texas ble with or better than second-generation oral anti- W. Storms, M.A. Kaliner, and B. Chipps are consultants/speakers and receive grantsupport from Alcon Research Ltd. In addition, S. Tilles is a consultant/speaker for histamines, with a much faster onset of action; and, Alcon and C. LaForce and M. Kaliner are on the advisory board unlike oral antihistamines, the NAHs also reduce Address correspondence and reprint requests to Michael A. Kaliner, M.D., Institute nasal congestion. Limited data suggest that NAHs for Allergy and Asthma, 5454 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1700, Chevy Chase, MD20817 may be equivalent to intranasal corticosteroids E-mail address: [email protected] (INSs) at reducing the full range of nasal AR symp- Copyright 2009, OceanSide Publications, Inc., U.S.A. toms, including congestion.6 Allergy and Asthma Proceedings Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray is the most recent NAH to reach the U.S. market. This mast cell stabiliz-ing agent is also a potent topical H1-antagonist and hasbeen available since 1996 as an ophthalmic solution totreat the signs and symptoms associated with allergicconjunctivitis.7 In 2008 the nasal formulation was ap-proved for treatment of the symptoms of seasonal AR(SAR) in patients ⱖ12 years of age.
In patients with SAR, olopatadine nasal spray has established an onset of action within 30 minutes and,when administered for 2 weeks, has shown signifi- Figure 1. Study protocol.
cant efficacy in reducing nasal allergy symptoms,including congestion, when compared with place-bo.8 –10 Evaluations using the Rhinoconjunctivitis tion. Patients who had abnormal nasal anatomy, severe Quality of Life Questionnaire and the Work Produc- congestion, recent upper or lower respiratory infection tivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire– or chronic sinusitis, or cardiovascular disease were Allergy Specific, have also shown significant posi- excluded. Also excluded were smokers, known nonre- tive health outcomes with treatment.9,11,12 sponders to antihistamines, and patients with concur- Antihistamines, including NAHs, are recommended rent upper or lower airway disease that could interfere by current guidelines and practice parameters as first- with successful nasal drug administration/absorption line therapy for SAR.1,4 However, INSs are considered (e.g., rhinitis medicamentosa and asthma).
"the gold standard" by some clinicians. On the other Medication washout times were 30 days for systemic hand, many patients are concerned about potential INS corticosteroids and inhaled or ocular corticosteroids; 7 side effects and also desire a product that works days for INSs, leukotriene inhibitors, anticholinergic quickly to relieve symptoms.3 agents, systemic antifungal agents, and systemic anti- A double-blinded parallel-group environmental ex- biotics; 3 days for ocular and nasal antiallergy agents, posure chamber study in 425 patients with SAR oral antihistamines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory showed that a single dose of olopatadine nasal spray drugs, decongestants, and over-the-counter cough/ induced a significant reduction of allergy DO NOT COPY cold and sleep aids; and 1 day for nasal and ocular Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved 0.05) within 30 minutes and lasting for 12 hours saline. Patients who were receiving immunotherapy when compared with an INS, mometasone furoate.8 were required to be stable for 30 days before and However, the relative efficacies of the NAHs and INSs throughout the trial. Use of any prescription or over- beyond 12 hours were not evaluated. The current study the-counter nasal spray was not allowed.
was undertaken to evaluate the comparative efficacy ofolopatadine 0.6% nasal spray with that of an INS, Study Design
fluticasone propionate, 50 ␮g/puff, in a 2-week SAR This was a 2-week, multicenter (seven sites in the United States), double-blind, randomized, two-armparallel-group clinical trial of olopatadine 0.6% nasal MATERIALS AND METHODS
spray and fluticasone propionate 50 ␮g nasal spray.
Beginning with the screening visit and continuing to end of treatment, patients recorded in a diary the Patients were ⱖ12 years of age with a ⱖ2-year his- symptom severity of their itchy nose, runny nose, DO NOT COPY
tory of spring/summer AR. All patients showed aller- stuffy nose, sneezing, itchy/burning eyes, tearing/wa- gic sensitivity to a currently prevalent (at time of tery eyes, and ocular redness using a 4-point scale (0 ⫽ study) seasonal allergen within the past 5 years, de- absent, 1 ⫽ mild, 2 ⫽ moderate, and 3 ⫽ severe). The fined by a positive reaction on skin-prick testing (a sum of scores for the four nasal symptoms was defined wheal size of ⱖ3 mm greater than the diluent) or as the total nasal symptom score (TNSS), and the sum intradermal testing (a wheal size of ⱖ7 mm greater of the scores for the three ocular symptoms was de- than the diluent) within the past 5 years, and were fined as the total ocular symptom score (TOSS). Pa- symptomatic on trial entry. The study protocol was tients evaluated their symptoms as experienced at that approved by an institutional review board, and an moment (instantaneous) and in the hours since the last informed consent document was signed by all of the dose of study medication (reflective), in the morning patients or by the parent or legal guardian for patients before any other activity, and at bedtime.
⬍18 years old.
The study design is shown in Fig. 1. For patients who Women of childbearing potential were enrolled if did not require a medication washout period, the they agreed to use an acceptable method of contracep- screening and randomization visits were combined. At May–June 2009, Vol. 30, No. 3 Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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screening, patients had to have a minimum reflective analysis with respect to baseline patient demographic TNSS of ⱖ4 with a maximum score of 10 and an and clinical characteristics was first performed to val- individual score for congestion of ⱕ2. The patients idate the between-group comparability. Between- were randomized to dose fluticasone propionate (50 group comparisons were conducted using the Stu- ␮g) nasal spray q.d. and olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray dent's t-test for numeric variables or Pearson's chi- b.i.d., 2 sprays of each per nostril for the 2-week treat- square test for categorical variables.
ment period. Because the olopatadine and fluticasone Paired t-test was used for within-subject before–after bottles were distinctly different, as were the treatment comparisons. Analysis of covariance using age as the regimens, foil-wrapped bottles with appropriate dos- covariant and the repeated measures analysis of vari- ing instructions were distributed to the patients in ance were further performed to adjust the potential nontransparent envelopes. In this manner, the study impact of age difference between the treatment groups staff, investigator, sponsor, monitors, and patients and the time effect on the primary outcome measure- were unaware of any individual patient's assigned ment (TNSS). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (PC-9.1.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC) by an indepen- Diary scores, protocol compliance, medication changes, dent biostatistician. A 95% confidence level was set to and reported adverse events were reviewed after each week of treatment. The exit visit (day 14) included phys-ical and nasal examinations and measurement of vital Of 132 patients screened at 7 U.S. centers, 130 met the study criteria and were randomized to treatment. All enrolled patients completed the study. There were 63male and 64 female patients with ages ranging from 12 Efficacy. The primary efficacy variable was the 2-week to 73 years (mean, 35.3 years; SD, 13.48). Fifty-six per- average percent change in reflective TNSS. Secondary cent were white, 21% were African American, 13% efficacy variables included the percent changes in instan- were Hispanic/Latino, and 10% were Asian. The treat- taneous TNSS and reflective/instantaneous TOSS. Indi- ment groups were similar in terms of demographic vidual symptoms (i.e., runny nose, itchy nose, sneezing, characteristics (Table 1) except that the mean age was 5 stuffy nose, watery/tearing eyes, itchy/burning eyes, years older in the olopatadine group. All patients had and ocular redness) were also analyzed to seasonal allergies to tree, grass, and/or weed allergens, Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved documented by positive skin tests.
Safety. Safety evaluation included nasal examination Primary Efficacy: Reflective TNSS
for significant anatomic abnormalities, evidence of in- Pretreatment values for reflective TNSS were similar fection, bleeding, and ulcerations of the mucosa; and for both treatment groups (olopatadine 0.6%, 6.72 ⫾ physical examination of the head/eyes; ears, nose, 1.88 SD; fluticasone, 6.49 ⫾ 1.66 SD; p ⫽ 0.4599). The throat, and neck; skin and extremities; cardiovascular mean 2-week average reflective TNSS was 3.52 (⫾2.01 and pulmonary systems; abdomen, lymph nodes and SD) for olopatadine and 3.37 (⫾2.18 SD) for fluticasone, neurological signs. Unsolicited patient-reported ad- a 45.4 and 47.4% reduction from baseline, respectively verse events were also recorded, regardless of relation- (Fig. 2). Per t-test, the observed difference (flutica- ship to treatment.
sone ⫺ olopatadine ⫽ ⫺0.154) was not statisticallysignificant (p ⫽ 0.6771). The 95% CI for treatment dif- Sample Size Estimation. The study was powered ference in mean 2-week average score was ⫺0.886 to DO NOT COPY
based on the hypothesis that the differences in mean 0.577, which is within the defined noninferiority mar- 2-week average reflective TNSS between the olopata- gin of 2. An analysis of covariance using age as the dine 0.6% nasal spray and the fluticasone propionate covariant indicated that the between-group age differ- 50 ␮g nasal spray would be within 2 points. Per sample ence was not a significant factor in treatment outcome; size calculation, when the standard deviation is within the between-groups difference remained statistically 3 points and the nonevaluable rate is not ⬎10%, a insignificant after adjusting to age difference. The re- sample size of 65 patients/group would be sufficient to peated measures analysis of variance with adjustments detect a 2-point (noninferiority margin) between-group for time effect and time-by-treatment interaction con- difference with a 90% statistical power at 95% confi- firmed the noninferiority conclusion (p ⫽ 0.7551).
dence level.
Data Analysis. All enrolled patients completed the study. Therefore, the intent-to-treat population was the TNSS during the 2-Week Period by Day. Per the within- same as the per-protocol population. Comparability subject before–after comparison using paired t-test, the Allergy and Asthma Proceedings Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Table 1 Comparison in patient baseline characteristics
(n ⴝ 130)
(n ⴝ 65)
(n ⴝ 65)
*The p values of between-group comparisons using Student's t-test for numerical variables and Pearson ␹2-test for categoricalvariables.
#Gender information not available for three patients.
§Other races are Indian in the olopatadine group, East Indian in the fluticasone group. large variance observed, only the reflective sneezingscore reached statistical significance (29.2% versus8.76%; p ⫽ 0.0378; Fig. 4).
Reflective TOSS and Individual Ocular Symptoms Scores. Pretreatment values for reflective TOSS were Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved similar for both treatment groups (olopatadine 0.6%,4.25 ⫾ 2.05 SD; fluticasone propionate, 4.18 ⫾ 1.84SD; p ⫽ 0.8491), and both groups reported similarreductions over the course of the study: 38.5 and Figure 2. Mean average reflective total nasal symptom scores
40.6% for the olopatadine and fluticasone groups, (TNSSs) at baseline and end of treatment (2 weeks). respectively (p ⫽ 0.8402; Fig. 5). The mean 2-weekaverage reflective individual ocular symptom scoresfor itching/burning eyes, tearing/watery eyes, and mean daily reflective TNSS decreased throughout the eye redness were also significantly reduced based on 2-week treatment period in both groups. No significant the within-patients analysis, with no between-treat- differences between treatments were noted using the ment differences in the magnitude of reduction.
magnitude of decrease per two-sample Student's t-test.
However, again, a difference in onset of action was On day 1, the mean percent reduction from baseline evident, with faster and greater relief for patients DO NOT COPY
was 26.7% for patients who received olopatadine com- treated with olopatadine in the first 3 days (Fig. 6).
pared with 13.6% for fluticasone (p ⫽ 0.0432; Fig. 3 A).
Individual Reflective Nasal Symptoms Scores. Both ol- Instantaneous TNSS, TOSS, and Individual Symptoms opatadine and fluticasone groups had significant re- Scores. Similar trends were observed for the instanta- ductions in the reflective scores for runny nose, itchy neous nasal and ocular symptom scores. Both olopata- nose, sneezing, and stuffiness over the 2 weeks of dine 0.6% and fluticasone propionate nasal sprays treatment per paired t-test. No significant between- showed significant reductions in the mean instanta- treatment differences in a specific mean 2-week aver- neous scores over the 2 weeks of treatment, with no age were detected (Fig. 4). A difference in onset of significant between-treatment differences detected for action was observed for all nasal symptoms, with any measurement (Table 2). Instantaneous TNSS de- greater percent reductions in patients treated with ol- creased in similar manner to reflective TNSS on a opatadine in the first 72 hours, although because of the day-to-day basis (Fig. 3 B). Significant between-group May–June 2009, Vol. 30, No. 3 Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 3. (A) Mean daily percent change in reflective total nasal symptom scores (TNSSs) from baseline during the 2-week treatment period.
(B) Mean daily percent change in instantaneous TNSSs from baseline during the 2-week treatment period.
Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 4. Mean percent changes from baseline in the reflective nasal symptom scores for days 1, 2, and 3 of treatment and the specific 2-week
averages.
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differences favored olopatadine on day 1 (p ⫽ 0.0501)and fluticasone on day 11 (p ⫽ 0.0437).
Both treatments were well tolerated. There also were no treatment-related changes in physical (includingnasal) examination findings for either group. Eighteenpatients (olopatadine, 11; fluticasone, 7) reported a to-tal of 29 adverse events; 9 were determined to berelated to treatment: epistaxis/nasal blood (3), bad/bitter taste (2), sore throat (1), cough (1), sleepiness (1),with olopatadine, and eyes mildly injected (1) with Figure 5. Mean average reflective total ocular symptom scores
fluticasone. Adverse events were nonserious, did not (TOSSs) at baseline and end of treatment (2 weeks). Allergy and Asthma Proceedings Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Figure 6. Mean percent changes from baseline in the reflective ocular symptom scores for days 1, 2, and 3 of treatment and the specific 2-week
averages.
Table 2 Comparisons in 2-wk average percent changes from baseline in instantaneous assessments of
symptoms
( DO NOT COPY
(n ⴝ 65)
Copyright (c) Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved Itching/burning eyes Tearing/watering eyes *The p values of between-group comparison using Student's t-test.
TNSS ⫽ total nasal symptom score; TOSS ⫽ total ocular symptom score. DO NOT COPY
interrupt treatment continuation in the study, and duction for specific parameters. The only difference were resolved with or without treatment.
observed was a faster and greater onset of action witholopatadine 0.6%. This finding was not surprising be- cause the usual earliest onset of action for INSs is In this 2-week study, treatment with either olopata- between 2 and 24 hours (for mometasone furoate, flu- dine 0.6% nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril b.i.d.) or fluti- casone propionate 50 ␮g nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril dipropionate, and triamcinolone acetonide).13–17 An q.d.) provided relief from symptoms of SAR. Reduc- environmental chamber study comparing olopatadine tions in both nasal and ocular allergy symptoms were 0.6% nasal spray with the INS, mometasone furoate, observed for both treatments with no significant be- reported an onset of action within 30 minutes for ol- tween-treatment differences in the magnitude of re- opatadine versus 2.5 hours with mometasone.8 May–June 2009, Vol. 30, No. 3 Copyright @ Oceanside Publications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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In this study, symptom reductions with olopatadine lergy symptoms is to target the allergic eyes directly exceeded those with fluticasone by at least 10% for all reflective measures evaluated during one or more of In conclusion, in patients with active SAR, olopata- the first 3 days of treatment. Statistical significance was dine 0.6% nasal spray (2 sprays/nostril b.i.d.) and flu- attained on the 1st day of treatment for the primary ticasone propionate 50 ␮g (2 sprays/ nostril q.d.) given efficacy variable, TNSS (olopatadine, ⫺26.69%; flutica- over 2 weeks provided comparable clinical benefit for sone, ⫺13.64%; p ⫽ 0.043), and also for sneezing (ol- nasal and ocular allergy symptoms. The study findings opatadine, ⫺29.17%; fluticasone, ⫺8.76%; p ⫽ 0.038).
support olopatadine nasal spray as an effective first- This is the first study directly comparing the efficacy line treatment for the rapid and sustained relief of the of olopatadine 0.6% nasal spray to an INS, and it is of symptoms of SAR. More comparative data on the effi- interest that both agents reduced nasal stuffiness to a cacy of INSs and NAHs are warranted in this patient similar degree. In this population of patients with ac- population because both medications are considered to tive SAR, olopatadine reduced nasal congestion score be first-line therapies for relieving the symptoms of by a 2-week average of 22.2% compared with 29.5% with fluticasone (p ⫽ 0.4035). Current guidelines andpractice parameters for AR note that NAHs do reduce nasal congestion, but suggest that INSs are more po- The editorial and technical expertise of Judith Farrar, Ph.D., is tent.1,4 Additional studies may be required to confirm greatly appreciated. The authors also acknowledge the staff of the the observation of equal efficacy between olopatadine various offices in which data were collected. Dr. Chipps would like to specifically thank his study coordinator, Bryce Autret.
The mean reduction in nasal congestion with ol- opatadine nasal spray observed here is comparable with that reported in other 2-week trials in patients 1. Wallace DV, Dykewicz MS, Bernstein DI, et al. The diagnosis and management of rhinitis: An updated practice parameter. J with SAR.9,10 Individual studies with INSs (budes- Allergy Clin Immunol 122:S1–S84, 2008.
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