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NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents
List of Effective Pages
Amendment Procedures Record of Amendments Distribution List
CHAPTER ONE:
PRIVATE PILOT LICENCE COURSE
Navigation General - Aircraft Aerodynamics Aircraft Electrics Loading (Mass and Balance) Aircraft Performance and Planning Human Performance and Limitations Air Law and ATC Procedures Aeronautical Mobile Services Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring Operational Procedures

CHAPTER TWO: COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE COURSE -
Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring Navigation General Aircraft Instruments Radio Navigation Aids Aircraft Performance Aircraft Systems Principles of Flight Aircraft Electrics Loading (Mass and Balance) Human Performance and Limitations Meteorology Practical Air Law and ATC Procedures Operational Procedures ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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CHAPTER THREE: STANDARD PILOT COURSE
Navigation General - Aircraft Aerodynamics Aircraft Electrics Loading (Mass and Balance) Aircraft Performance and Planning Human Performance and Limitations Air Law and ATC Procedures Aeronautical Mobile Services Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring Operational Procedures Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring Navigation General Aircraft Instruments Radio Navigation Aids Aircraft Performance Aircraft Systems Principles of Flight Aircraft Electrics Loading (Mass and Balance) Human Performance and Limitations Meteorology Practical Air Law and ATC Procedures Operational Procedures
CHAPTER FOUR: FLYING INSTRUCTOR LICENCE COURSE -
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CHAPTER FIVE:
AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENCE (ATPL)
Aircraft Electrics Aircraft Performance Loading (Mass and Balance) Aircraft Systems Principles of Flight - Aircraft Instruments Flight Planning and Flight Monitoring Radio Navigation Aids Navigation General Meteorology Practical Human Performance and Limitations Operational Procedures
CHAPTER SIX:
NIGHT RATING COURSE -

CHAPTER SEVEN: INSTRUMENT RATING COURSE
Operational Procedures Aircraft General Knowledge Human Performance & Limitations CHAPTER EIGHT: MULTI-ENGINE RATING COURSE -

CHAPTER NINE: MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENCE COURSE -
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CHAPTER TEN: FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS COURSE -BASIC
Aviation Law and Air Navigation Regulations
Navigation General Aircraft Technical General Aircraft Performance Weight and Balance Human Performance and Limitations Operational Procedures I
CHAPTER ELEVEN: FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS COURSE - ADVANCED
Air Law/Air Traffic Management
Flight Planning and Monitoring Aircraft Instruments Meteorology (Theory) Meteorology Practical Aircraft Technical General and Type Loading (Mass and Balance) Aircraft Performance Operational Procedures Dispatch Resource Management -
CHAPTER TWELVE: CABIN CREW BASIC COURSE
Safety Policies and Procedures (Standard Operating Procedures)
Safety and Emergency Procedures Safety Emergency Equipment Duties and Responsibilities First Aid and Aviation Medicine - Safety and Survival Dangerous Goods Regulations Aviation Security Crew Resource Management Service Procedures ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES
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Table of Contents List of Effective Pages Amendment Procedures Record of Amendments Distribution List ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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AMENDMENT PROCEDURES
(i) Should any staff determine that there is need for an amendment to the NCAT Flying School Syllabi; a copy of the Manual Amendment Request Form shall be collected from the Quality Assurance Unit (QAU). (ii) The officer proposing the amendment shall complete the requisite portion of the Manual Amendment Request Form, making reference to the relevant portion(s) as well as citing cogent reasons for which an amendment to this Syllabi is being proposed. The completed form shall then be returned to the QAU. (iii) In conjunction with the officer, the QAU shall generate a draft amendment based on the request as stated below by issuing an entirely new page showing: New date of issue A vertical line at the right margin alongside the At deletions, a vertical line at the right margin with the letter ‘D'. (iv) The draft amendment is attached to the Manual Amendment Request Form and forwarded to the Head, Flying School, who shall then determine if the amendment is appropriate and will improve the system. After acceptance, rejection or recommendation for a re- write, the Amendment Request Form with the draft amendment shall be forwarded to the QAU. (v) If a re-write is proposed, the process starts again at step (iii); otherwise, the QAU shall review the proposed amendment to ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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• Regulatory compliance • Lack of conflict with other College procedures • Customer/stakeholder satisfaction If all the above criteria are met, the QAU shall recommend the proposed amendment to the Rector/Chief Executive for approval; otherwise, the proposal is recommended for a re-write. (vi) After obtaining the approval of the Rector/Chief Executive, the QAU shall forward the proposed amendment with a new List of Effective Pages (LEP) and a new Table of Contents page (if required) to the NCAA for approval. (vii) Should the proposed amendment not be approved, the Manual Amendment Request Form is filed with the attached draft at the QAU The following procedure shall be followed for the incorporation of approved amendments into all copies of the NCAT Flying Syllabi. (i) The Quality Assurance Unit shall print out the revised pages of the Syllabi, new List of Effective Pages (LEP) and Table of Contents page (if required). (ii) The Quality Assurance Unit shall forward the revised pages, new List of Effective Pages (and Table of Contents, if required) attached with Manual/Document Distribution Forms to all holders of the NCAT Flying School Syllabi as listed in the Preface to this Manual. (iii) All Manual holders are required to: Enter the amended pages in their manuals. Check the LEP against the manuals. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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Complete the Record of Amendments contained in the Preface to this Manual by signing and recording the date when the amended pages were entered in Sign the Manual/Document Distribution Form, acknowledging that the amendment was received Attach the obsolete pages of the Manual to the Manual/Document Distribution Form and have them returned to the Quality Assurance Unit's Office. The Head, Quality Assurance or delegate, shall then check the Manual/Document Distribution Forms to confirm that all obsolete pages have been returned. All returned obsolete pages of this Manual shall then be destroyed after this confirmation is made. (v) The Manual/Document Distribution Forms, shall then be filed together with the applicable Manual Amendment Request Form. The obsolete pages of the QAU's copy of the manual shall be filed for record purposes. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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RECORD OF AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
EFFECTIVE
ENTERED BY
INITIALS
SIGNATURE
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DISTRIBUTION LIST

A current copy of the NCAT Flying School Syllabi can be found in the following
locations:
AMENDMENT RESPONSIBILITY NCAA, Aviation House Director General Rector/Chief Executive Deputy Rector's Office Head, Flying School's Head, Flying School Head, Flight Training Department's Office Head, Ground Studies Department's Office Operation Manager's Office Operations Manager Head, Cabin Crew Unit's Head, Cabin Crew Unit Standards/Compliance Standards/Compliance Instructor's Office Quality Assurance Unit Head, Quality Assurance Unit Safety Officer's Office NCAT Central Library College Librarian Flying School Technical Minna Operations Minna Operation Officer All staff will be given access to College documents as required for the discharge of their duties and responsibilities. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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Alternating Current Automatic Direction Finder Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network Aeronautical Information Circular Aeronautical Information Publication Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control Airman's Meteorological Information Audio Selector Panel Automatic Terminal Information Service Air Traffic Services The Becoming Group Course Deviation Indicator Cathode Ray Tube Cockpit Voice Recorder Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate Distance Measuring Equipment Equivalent Air Speed Electro-Cardiogram Electroencephalogram Electronic Flight Instrument Display Emergency Locator Transmitter Extended Range Operations Estimated Time of Arrival Extended Range Operations with Twin-Engine Aeroplanes Flight Data Recorder Flight Information Region NCAT Flying School Syllabi General Control and Protection Unit Ground Proximity Warning System Horizontal Situation Indicator Indicated Air Speed International Civil Aviation Organization Instrument Flight Rules Instrument Landing System ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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Inertial Navigation System International Standard Altitude Inter-tropical Convergence Zone Intercontinental Discontinuities Minimum Equipment List Routine Meteorological Aerodrome Report Microwave Landing System Master Minimum Equipment List Mountain Waves, Standing Nigerian Airspace Management Agency Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority Nigerian College of Aviation Technology Non-directional Radio Beacon Nigerian Meteorological Agency Notice to Airmen Operating Empty Weight Operations Manual Protective Breathing Equipment Point of Equal Time Point of no Return Persons with Reduced Mobility Point of Safe Return Atmospheric Pressure at Aerodrome Elevation Altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation on the ground Rectified Air Speed Relative Bearing Indicator Radio-Magnetic Indicator Runway Visual Range Reduced Vertical Separation Minima Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate Standard Instrument Departures Significant Meteorological Information Significant Weather Standard Operating Procedures Special meteorological report Secondary Surveillance Radar Standard Terminal Arrival Routes ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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Super-cooled Water Droplets Transition Altitude Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts Terrain Awareness Warning System The Temporary Group Transition Level Upper Flight Information Region Visual Flight Rules Very High Frequency Meteorological Information for Aircraft in Flight Very High Frequency Omni-directional Radio Range Vertical Speed Indicator World Area Forecast System Weather Forecast Zero Fuel Weight ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL002
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CHAPTER ONE
PRIVATE PILOT LICENSE COURSE
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METEOROLOGY
The Earth's Atmosphere • Composition; • International Standard atmosphere • Introduction • Units of Measurement • Transfer of Heat • Effect of Water and Land on Heating of the Atmosphere • Diurnal Variation of Air Temperature • Factors Affecting the Daily Range of our Temperature • Variation of Temperature with Height • Temperature Deviation • Effect of Temperature on Flight • Introduction • States of Water • Terms used for Humidity Measurement • Diurnal Variation of Humidity • Measurement of Humidity • Effect of Humidity in Aircraft Operations Atmospheric Pressure • Introduction • Units of Pressure • Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure Data • Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure Gradient • Variation of Pressure with Height • Effects of Atmosphere Pressure on Flight ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Variation of air density at the surface and with height - Altitude effect - Latitude effect • Factors affecting air density - Pressure - Temperature - Humidity • Aircraft performance and density • Introduction • Altimeter Errors • Altimeter Settings • Altimeter Height Indications • Definition of Wind • Wind Direction Speed • Measurement of Wind • Relationship Between Wind and Pressure • Force Producing Wind in a Force Atmosphere • Geotropic Wind • Gradient Wind • Effect of Friction on Surface Wind • Change in Wind Direction • Diurnal Variation of Surface Wind Effects of Wind on Flight Operations • Definition of Winds hear • Main Causes of Wind shear • Wind shear Warnings and Reporting • Definition of Turbulence • Turbulence Intensity and Classification • Types of Turbulence • Action to avoid Worst Effects of Mountain Wave • Summary of the Hazards of Turbulence • Wind shear and Turbulence ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Air in Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability o Air in Vertical Motion • Adiabatic Temperature Changes • Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate • Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate o Atmospheric Stability • Stable Atmosphere • Unstable Atmosphere • Conditional Unstable Atmosphere • Some Characteristics of a Stable and Unstable Air Masses Cloud Formation and Precipitation • Definition of Cloud • Cloud Formation • Cloud Classification • Cloud Amount • Cloud Base and Measurement of Cloud • Definition of Precipitation • Types of Precipitation • Precipitation and Flight Operations • Definition of Thunderstorm • Conditions for Thunderstorm Development • Types of Thunderstorm • Life Cycle of Thunderstorm • Weather Hazards associated with Thunderstorms Visibility and Fog • Definition of Visibility • Runway Visual Range • Visibility Problems During Takeoff and Landing • Causes of Reduced Visibility • Definition of Fog Mist and Haze and Their Differences • Types of Fog • Summary of Visibility Effects Air Masses and Fronts • Definition of an Air Mass ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Source Region of Air Masses • Air Mass Modification • The International Discontinuity (ITD) • Air Masses Over West Africa • Weather Zones Over West Africa • Definition of a Front • Types/Structure of Fronts • Warm and Cold Sectors • Types of Occlusion • Weather Associated with Pressure Systems Aerodrome Weather Reports (Metar and TAF) o Metar and Speci Codes • Metar Code Definition • Speci Code: Definition • Format for Reporting Metar/Speci Elements and Code • Definition of TAF • Types of TAF • Major Difference Between Metar and TAF • Sequence for Reporting TAF Elements and its Interpretation In Flight Weather Advisories • Introduction • Aerodrome Warnings ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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2. NAVIGATION GENERAL
o Form of the Earth • Shape of the Earth, Cardinal Points • Circles( Great circle, Small circle) • Meridians, Rhumb line • Units of Distance, Angular and Distance measurement. o Position on the Earth • Co-ordinates and axes. • Latitude and Longitude. o Direction on the Earth • True North, Magnetic North, Compass North • Application of Variation and Deviation • Convergency and Conversion angle, Departure. o Chart Projections and Properties • Mercator Projection chart • Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Chart, Practical use of the 1:500,000(Lambert Chart) And the U.K. 1:250,000 topographical charts. • Orthomorphism. • Methods of indicating relief, chart symbols, principal ICAO • Measuring of Distance and Direction on : • Lambert Chart • ONC Navigation Charts (K & L series). • Track, Heading (true/magnetic/compass) • Variation and Deviation • Airspeed (IAS, Rectified Airspeed (RAS), TAS), Wind Velocity • Height and Altitude (Pressure and density) Use of CRP-5 Flight computer o Multiplication and Division. • Time, Speed, Distance calculations • Conversion of Units (Nm, Sm, Km, Imp gal, US gallon, litres) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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o Computation of : • TAS, True Altitude and Density Altitude. o Triangle of Velocities: • Vector triangle • Computation of: - True Heading and Groundspeed • Wind Velocity (Single and multiple drift methods • Track and Groundspeed • True Heading and True Air Speed (TAS) • Track Error (correction, interception and 1 -60 rule) o Fuel Computations • Fuel consumption Computation • Simple fuel Computation Flight Instruments Brief Introduction of: • Pressure Instruments (altimeter, Air speed indicator (ASI) , Vertical Speed indicator (VSI), Machmeter) • Gyroscopic Instruments (Artificial Horizon, Directional Gyro Indicator, Turn and Slip indicator) • Magnetic Compass (direct reading magnetic Compass, unreliability of compass indications during turns and acceleration, effect of metal objects placed in the vicinity of compass) Radio Navigation Brief Introduction of: • Radio theory ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
• Introduction • Purpose and Scope of aerodynamics • General description of aircraft components Properties of air • Introduction • The Atmosphere • Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity and density and inter-relationships • The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) • Characteristics of air flow • Static and Dynamic • Continuity of flow, Bernoulli's theory • Venture tube, airflow over solid bodies, boundary layer Theory of flight • Introduction • Symmetrical profile • Types of Drags • Weight and Balance • Introduction to pressure and gyroscopic instruments Flight maneuvers • Introduction • Control axes • Straight and level flight, climb • Glide, turn, control column forces in maneuvers Aircraft stability • Introduction • Static and Dynamic Stability • Longitudinal stability • Lateral stability • Directional stability • Stability in level flight • Position of C.G. • Movement of CP • Tail plane design • Roll with yaw ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Spiral and oscillatory instability • Automatic stabilizers 4. PISTON ENGINE
Review of basic mechanics and physics concepts • Introduction • Definitions of terms Piston engines • Introduction • The "Otto" Cycle • Practical application of the "Otto" cycle. • Valve lead, lag and overlap • Typical cylinder arrangements Measurement of power • Power • Mechanical Efficiency • Relative Efficiency • Volumetric Efficiency • Temperature of the charge at the end of the induction stroke • Efficiency of scavenging • Induction Scope • Exhaust Stroke • Compression Ration Construction of engines • Introduction • Engine Components Ignition system • Introduction • Ignition switches Fuel system • Introduction ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Carburetion • Introduction • Carburetion principles • Accelerator Pumps • Idle Cut-off valve • Mixture control • Detonation and pre-ignition • Carburetor Icing • Impact Icing • Throttle Ice • Remedial actions • Types and effects of carburetor heating systems • Float type carburetor engines • Special features of piston aero engines Oil systems • Introduction • Properties of oil • Lubrication methods • Pumps, Sumps and filters • Recognition of oil system malfunction Cooling systems • Introduction • The purpose of cooling systems • Methods of cooling • Operations of the air cooling systems Propeller • Introduction • Control Speed Unit (CSU) • Variable Pitch Propeller Control • Propeller Safety Devices • Propeller Operations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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5. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS
General principles • Introduction • Relationship between potential difference, current and resistance • Conversion of energy Batteries and accumulators • Primary cell • Secondary cells • Grouping of cell into batteries • Capacity of batteries • Care & maintenance of accumulator batteries – grouping of batteries. Generators • Introduction • Electromagnetic Induction • Electromotive force • Alternating Current Generators • Direct Current Generators • Direct Current Generator System Architecture • Types of Generators • Generator Output • Factors affecting generator output • Associated Components • Single- Engine Aircraft DC Electrical Systems Generator components • Introduction • Voltage Regulators • Voltage Resistors • Battery Cut-out • Generator Warning Light • Generator Field Circuit • Breaker or Fuse • Generator Field Switch Aircraft electrical circuits • Introduction • Single Pole or Earth Return • Dipole or Double Pole • Series Connection • Parallel Connection ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Voltage Drop • Heating effect and Power loss • Circuit Faults Aircraft electrical components • Introduction • Wires and Cables • Sources of Supply • External Supply/socket • Auxiliary Power Units • Control of Current Flow • Measurement of Electricity • Circuit Protection • Conversion of Electrical Energy To Mechanical Energy • Conversion of Current A.C and D.C Bonding, static dischargers and screening • Introduction • Static Discharges • Dynamic Electricity 6. LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
Introduction • Introduction • Effects of incorrect loading Calculation of C of G position • By taking moment (resolution of forces) • By Trim sheet methods ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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7. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
Introduction • Performance classification • Safety standards • Aircraft description and limitation • Runway hazards Take-off • Standards and use of charts • Aerodrome Tests • Maximum Take-off weights • Adjustment for precipitation covered runway • Reverse thrust inoperative • Anti-skid inoperative • Increased V2 speed • Variable thrust
8. AIRCRAFT TYPE
Introduction • Introduction • Pilot knowledge Aeroplanes • Introduction • Engine operation • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) • Fuel systems • Flight controls • Automatic stabilization systems • Automatic Pilot and flight management systems • Pneumatic, pressure and vacuum systems • Landing gear • Electrical systems • Radio and radar systems • Air condition and pressurization systems • Ice and rain protection systems • Additional aspects ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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9. HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Fitness for Flight • Medical Certification • Pilot Personal Checklist Hypoxia • Introduction • Types of hypoxia • Signs and symptoms of hypoxia • Effects of hypoxia • Prevention and Treatment Dehydration • Introduction • Some common Signs and Symptoms of dehydration • Prevention of Dehydration Hyperventilation • Introduction • Effects of Hyperventilation • Some Common Signs and Symptoms of hyperventilation • Treatment for hyperventilation Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Introduction • Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide • Action to take when carbon monoxide is present. • The effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Decompress in Sickness after Scuba Diving • Introduction • Recommended Waiting Time ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Motion Sickness • Introduction • Actions to take when suffering from motion Sickness • Causes of Motion Sickness • Effects of Motion Sickness • Prevention /Treatment of Motion Sickness Sims and Ear block • The ear block and its effects • Actions to take when the Eustachian tube is blocked • Effects of ear block • Actions to be taken to prevent Sinus and middle ear – problems. Spatial Disorientation • Introduction • Causes of Spatial Disorientation • How to overcome the effects of Spatial Illusions in Flight o Introduction o Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation • Coriolis Illusion • Graveyard Spin • Graveyard Spiral • Somatograve Illusion • Inversion Illusion • Elevator Illusion • False Horizon • Size Distance Illusion • Reversible Perspective • Flicker Vertigo o Illusions Leading to Landing Errors • Runway with Illusion • Runway and Terrain Slope Illusion • Featureless terrain Illusion • Atmospheric Illusion • Ground Lighting Illusions Vision • Introduction • The Function of cones and rods ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• The unction of the fovea • Scanning of Objects Light (i) Dark Adaptation (ii) Light Adaptation • The Effect of good Vision on ones Physical Condition. Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) o Definitions • ADM, Attitude, Attitude Management, Cockpit Resource Management, Head Work, Judgment • Personality, Poor Judgment Chain, Risk Elements, Situation Awareness, Skills and Procedures, Stress Management o The Decision Making Process • Introduction, Decision Making Steps • The Decide Model o Risk Management o Factors Affecting Decision Making o Operational Pitfalls • Dangerous Tendencies or Behaviors which must be eliminated, Peer Pressure, Mind Set, Get-there-its, Duck Under Syndrome, Scud Running, continuing VFR, Getting Behind the Aircraft, Loss of Positional or Situation Awareness, Operating Without Adequate Fuel Reserves, Descent below the minimum enroute altitude, Flying outside the envelope, Neglect of Flight Plan, Pre Flight Inspections, Checklists etc. o Hazardous Altitudes • Anti-Authority, Impulsiveness, Invulnerability • Macho Complex, Resignation, Antidotes for Hazardous Altitudes Stress and Flying • Stress and Stressors in Aviation • Effects of Stress • Handling Stress in Flying • Signs of Inadequate Coping • Life Stress Management • Cockpit Stress Management Principles of Threat and Error Management • Anticipated threats • Unexpected threats • Latent threats • Aircraft handling errors ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Procedural errors • Communication errors o Undesired aircraft states • Aircraft handling • Ground navigation • Incorrect aircraft configurations o Countermeasures • Airborne Collision Avoidance System • Ground Proximity Warning System • Standard Operating Procedures • Training, etc. Cockpit Resource Management • Introduction • Internal Resources • External Resources • Workload Management • Situation Awareness - Obstacles to understanding Situation Awareness • Conflict Resolution 10. AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
History of aviation law & the Chicago convention • The Chicago Convention • Territorial Airspace • Freedoms of the Air • Aims and Objectives of ICAO • Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) • ICAO Annexes Personnel licensing • Licensing and Ratings • Licensing Requirements and Regulations • Ratings are Parts of License • License of Members of Flight Crew ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Grant or Renewal of Licenses to Members of Flight Crew • Validation of Licenses • Instruction in Flying • Personal Flying Log Book • Particulars to be Written in Log Books Registration and marking of aircraft • Registration and Marking of Aircraft • Aircraft to be Registered • Nationality and Registration Marks • Categories of aircraft Airworthiness and equipment of aircraft • Airworthiness and Equipment of Aircraft • Certificate of Airworthiness • Certificate of Maintenance and Compliance • Equipment of Aircraft • Radio Equipment of Aircraft Operation of aircraft • Operation of Aircraft • Public Transport –Operators' Responsibilities • Operations Manual for Public Transport • Loading of Public Transport Aircraft • Duties of Commander • Operations of Radio in Aircraft • Towing, Carriage of Persons, • Exits and Break-in Markings • Minimum Weather Conditions • Fatigue of Flight Crew • Limits and record of flight times, flying duty period and rest periods • Maximum flying duty periods • Minimum rest periods Aircraft documents • Documents • Carriage of Documents • Production/ Preservation/Revocation/ • Suspension of Documents • Offenses in Relation to Documents Rules of the air and air traffic services • Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Service ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Application of the Rules of the Air • General Flight Rules - Visual Flight Rules - Instrument Flight Rules • Air Traffic Control Service/ATC Flight Information Service Air routes, airways, and aerodromes • Air Routes, Airways, and Aerodromes etc • Air Routes and Airways • Advisory Routes and FIRS • Conditions of Movement Areas and Related Facilities • Visual Aids for Navigation, Denoting Obstacles • Restricted Use of Areas • Flights on Airways: Joining and crossing of airways Separation standards • Separation Standards • Vertical Separation • Horizontal Separation - Lateral/Longitudinal Separation - Radar Separation ATS flight plans • ATS Flight Plans • When to File a Flight Plan • Flight Plan at Departure Aerodrome • Air Borne Flight Plan • Messages on the AFTN • Departure, Delay, Cancellation, Arrival - Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Altimeter setting procedures • Altimeter Setting Procedures • Flight Separation • Terrain Clearance • Definitions and General Information • Transition Altitude -Transition Layer, Transition Level, Flight Level Investigation of Accidents • Investigation of Accidents • Notification of Accidents • Access to and Removal of Damage Aircraft ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Search and Rescue and Meteorology • Search and Rescue • Meteorological Offices • Types of Services provided • Aircraft Meteorological Observations and Reports
11. AEROANUTICAL MOBILE SERVICES
Definitions • Definitions • Aeronautical Mobile Services • Related Services • Aeronautical Mobile Stations • Communication Methods License Requirements • License Requirements • General License • Restricted License • Supplementary Requirements Frequency Bands • Frequency Bands and Radio Aids Table • Bands Designation Frequency Wavelength and Bands • Types of Emission • Transmission with no modulation • Amplitude modulation General Rules • General Rules ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Rules Guiding Transmission of Time • Method of Transmission of Time Record of Communication I • Record of Communication • Hours of Service • Closing down of station • Test Signals Record of Communication II • Test Procedures • Reply to Direct Call • Readability Scale Categories of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Categories of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Priority of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Code and signals • Flight Safety/Regularity Radiotelephony Techniques • Radiotelephony Techniques • Pronunciation • Words for numbers Spelling Alphabets • Spelling Alphabets • Latin Alphabet Representation Numbers and Dimensional Units • Numbers and Dimensional Units • Numeral Elements • Pronunciation • Conventional/Phonetic • Aircraft Call Signs ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Wind Direction/Speed • Flight Level/Heading • Transponder Codes • Altitude/Cloud Height • Altimeter Setting Telephony Procedures • Telephony Procedures • Rules Regarding Numbers • Decimal Point • Words and Phraseologies • Whole hundreds/thousands Transmission Techniques • Transmission Technique • Microphone Operation • General Precautions • Speed of Transmission Radiotelephony Call signs Procedures • Radiotelephony Call Signs • Service Available Aircraft Operating Agency Call Signs • Aircraft Operating Agency Call Signs • Nigerian Airlines Companies • International Airline Companies Aircraft Station Call Signs • Aircraft Station Call Sign • Full Call Sign • Un- Abbreviated ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Establishment of Radio Communication • Establishment of Communication • Initial Calling Procedures • General Calling Procedures • Inter Pilot Procedures Exchange of Communication • Exchange of Communication • Recommendation • Abbreviated Procedures • Shortened Form of Procedures • Acknowledgement of Receipt • Aircraft Acknowledge of Receipt • Station Denoting Accuracy of Receipt • Acknowledgement of Position Report • Acknowledgement of Correctness of Acknowledgement of Receipt by Aeronautical Station • Acknowledgement of Receipt by Aeronautical Station • When Transmitted by Aircraft Station • Aircraft Station Acknowledges • ATC Instructions • Altimeter Setting etc., through Read Back Corrections Repetitions and Selective Calling • Corrections Repetitions and Selective Calling • Phrases and Meaning • Selcal Procedures • Notification of Selcal Code • Selcal Check • Cancellation of Messages Procedures for Communication Failure • Procedures for Communication Failure • Receiver Failure • Ground to Air • Aircraft Station • Aeronautical Station • Notification of Communication Failure ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Distress and Urgency Communication • Distress and Urgency Communication • Distress Signal • Urgency Signal • Distress and Urgency Traffic • Action by Aircraft in Distress • Action by all other Stations • Imposition of Silence • Termination of Distress Communication Copying Clearances and Instructions (for Pilots) • Copying Clearances and Instructions • Special Information • Holding Instructions • Departure Procedures • Abbreviations • Contractions FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
• Definition of flight planning • Reasons for flight planning • What flight planning consist of: planning the route, obtaining the weather forecast, chart preparation, completing the flight log, fuel calculations, weight & balance calculations, aeroplane performance calculations and submitting a flight plan • Personal equipments for flight planning • Definition of some terms Planning the route • Choosing the Route-Departure, Destination and Alternate aerodromes, appropriate to private operations under VFR • Weather considerations along the route • Airspace Considerations: controlled/regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc. Use of AIP and NOTAMS, ATC liaison procedures in controlled/regulated airspace. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Chart and Flight log preparation • Chart Preparation- drawing tracks, dead-reckoning calculations, etc. • Alternate Aerodrome • En-route Safety Altitude Completing the flight log/The Fuel Plan • Completing the flight log – fuel calculations • The Fuel plan – fuel to destination, taxi and initial climb fuel, holding fuel, contingency fuel, diversion fuel and Minimum reserve fuel • Communication plan and radio/NAV aid Weight and Balance Calculations • This is covered under the subject: Weight and Balance • Review Weight limitations and Centre of Gravity Aeroplane Performance Calculations • This is covered under the subject: Aeroplane Performance • Review basic definitions in aeroplane performance Point of No Return (PNR or PSR) • Definition • Derivation of Point No Return formula • Application of Point No Return formula • Calculation of Point of No Return. Critical Point (CP or PET) • Definition • Derivation of Critical Point • Application of Critical Point formula • Calculation of Critical Point. Traffic Load Calculation • Definition • Weight Restrictions • Fuel Weights • Payload Formulae • Payload Calculation ATC Flight Plan/Submitting a VFR flight plan • Identification of Flight Plan Form. • Instructions for Completing the Flight Plan form. • Filling of Flight Plan Form ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
Flight Documents • Introduction • Documents that are to be carried on board in All flights • Documents that are to be kept on ground • Preservation of Documents • Leasing of Aircraft - Dry Lease - Wet Lease - Lease in - Lease out • Maintenance of Company Aeroplanes The Operations Manual • Introduction • Contents of the Operations Manual - Taxing of Aircraft • Minimum Equipment List • Master Minimum Equipment List • Procedures for Fuelling and Re-Fuelling of Aircrafts with Passengers Flight Preparation • Flight Preparation Forms (Documentation) • Operating Flight Planning - Alternate Aerodrome - Takeoff Alternate Aerodrome - Enroute Alternate - Destination Alternate • Passenger Briefings - Passenger Seat Belts - Smoking on Board Aeroplanes • Fueling and Re-fueling of Aircrafts with Passengers on Board. • Use and Supply of Oxygen - Types of Oxygen Bottles • Composition of Flight Crews and their Duties • Flight Proficiency Checks ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Duties of Flight Dispatchers Operational Planning • Introduction • Alternate Aerodromes - Take off Alternate - Destination Alternate • Criteria for route Selection • Extended Twin Engine Operations (ETOPS) • Performance Class A • Ditching Considerations • Landing Requirements • Minimum Time Routes • Commander (Piloting Command Considerations • Filing of ATS Flight Plan V. Aeronautical Documentation • Aeronautical Documentation Introduction • Responsibilities and Functions • Exchange of Aeronautical Information • Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) • Specification for AIP Supplements • Specification for AIP Amendments - Origination - General Specifications - Distribution - SNOWTAM • Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) - Regulated System • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) - Origination - General Specifications • Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Information vi. Aeronautical Codes And Abbreviations • Introduction • Principle for formulation of abbreviations • Specifications governing the use of abbreviations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Implementation • Notification of Differences • Editorial Presentation • Abbreviations and terms used in radiotelephony transmission vii. Application of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Training, etc. Altimeter Setting Procedures • Introduction o Systems of Flight Levels o Transition Altitude (TA) o Transition Level (TL) o Transition from Flight Levels to Altitudes and vice-versa • Take-off and climb o Vertical Separation o Terrain Clearance • Approach and Landing Emergency and Precautionary Landing ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Precautionary Landing • Passenger Briefing • Actions and responsibilities of crew members Special Operational Procedures and Hazards • Operating Procedures • Aeroplane Operating Matters – Type Related • Minimum Equipment List (MEL) • Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) • MEL – Operators Responsibility • MEL – Commanders • Ground De-icing and Anti-icing • The Clean Aircraft Concept • The Anti-Ice Code • Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance • Hazard to Aeroplanes • Bird Strike Report • Noise Abatement • Fire and Smoke • Fire in the Aeroplane • Hand Held Fire Extinguishers • Automatic Toilet Fire Extinguishers • Fire Detection Systems • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crowbars • Over-heated Brakes ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Wind shear and Microburst A. Windshear - Low altitude windshear - Vertical windshear - Horizontal windshear - Up and down draught windshear - Meteorological phenomena associated with windshear - Most likely locations for windshear encounters associated with the aircraft in relation to: Cb/Ts Weather fronts Inversions Hills and structures - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt decrease in headwind component, or increase in tailwind component whilst making an approach to land - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt increase in headwind component or decrease in tailwind component during a departure - Effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraught windshear B. Microburst - Microburst and its effects • Wake Turbulence - Creation of wake turbulence - Tip vortices circulation - When vortex generation begins and ends - Vortex circulation on the ground with and without crosswind - 3 main factors which combine to give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow) - Wind conditions which are worst for wake turbulence near the ground - Comparison between aeroplane and helicopter vortex generation (helicopter vortices more intense per kg of gross mass) - ICAO wake turbulence aircraft categories according to maximum certificated take off mass - Wake turbulence separation Landing: minimum separation for landing Medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium or heavy Full runway take off Minimum separation for take-off for a: Light or medium behind a heavy ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Light behind a medium (a) The same runway (b) Parallel runways separated by less than 760m (c) Crossing or parallel runways when the projected flight path of the second aircraft crossed the first at the same level or within 1000ft lower Intermediate take off Minimum separation to be applied when aircraft are using a runway with a displaced landing threshold for: (a) A departing Light or Medium following a Heavy arrival and a departing Light following a Medium arrival (b) An arriving Light or Medium following a Heavy departure and an arriving Light following a medium departure if the projected flight paths cross Opposite direction Minimum separation for (a) A Light or Medium taking off or landing after a Heavy which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction, or (b) A Light taking-off or landing after a Medium which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction (the same criteria apply on parallel runways separated by less than 760m) Contaminated Runway A. Contaminated Runway B. Damp Runway C. Wet Runway D. Dry Runway E. Contaminant Dept Limitations F. Aqua Planning (Hydroplaning) G. Breaking Action H. Co-efficient of Friction I. Performance Considerations J. Snow tam Breaking Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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CHAPTER TEN
FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICERS COURSE - BASIC
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FLIGHT OPERTIONS OFFICERS COURSE-BASIC
AVIATION LAW AND AIR NAVIGATION REGULATIONS:
History of Aviation Law and the Chicago Convection: a) Introduction i) International Law ii) Scheduled and Non-Scheduled Air Services iii) 1919 Paris Peace Conference iv) Warsaw 1929 – Rules to International carriage by Air - Passenger Ticket - Baggage Check - Liability of the Carrier The Chicago Convention 1944 i) Part I – Air Navigation (Articles to the Convection) ii) Part II – The International Civil Organization (I.C.A.O) - Objectives and composition of I.C.A.O - Annexes to the Convection (I.C.A.O. annexes) – Brief on the outline, purpose and contents with special emphasis on provisions directly related to duties and responsibilities of Flight Dispatcher - Other Air transport issues addressed at the Chicago Convection I.C.A.O. Publications related to Flight Dispatcher duties and responsibilities. d) Regional Air Navigation Plans. e) Commercial Practices and Associated Rules (Leasing) Nigerian Civil Aviation Regulations 2009 1.2.1 Personnel Licensing (Nig CAR 2009 Part 2)

a) Licences and Ratings Pilots and other Flight crewmembers Other personnel (Flight Operations Officers/Dispatchers) b) Licensing Requirements and Regulations
1.2.2 Registration of Aircraft and Aircraft Markings (Nig CAR 2009 Part 4)

Essential Definitions Nationality, common and registration marks to be used Certificate of registration Differences between national registrations 1.2.3 Airworthiness of Aircraft (Nig CAR 2009 Part 5)

State Legislation Operator's Responsibility for Maintenance Certificate of Airworthiness and Certificate of Maintenance Certificate of Compliance and Aircraft. Radio Equipment ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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Operations Manual and Loading of Aircraft Operation of Radio in Aircraft. 1.2.4 Divisions of airspace (ICAO Annex 11, AIP)
1.2.5 Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Control (ICAO Annex 2)
Application of the Rules of the Air General Flight Rules Visual Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules Aerodrome Traffic Rules ATS Flight Plans
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When to file a flight plan How to file a flight plan Flight plan at departure aerodrome Air borne flight plan Messages on the AFTN Departure, delay cancellation arrival Aerodromes and Airports (ICAO Annex 14, ICAO Doc 9137) 1.4.1 Aerodrome Administration Aerodrome Operators Licensing of Aerodrome Conditions of aerodrome availability to commercial air Aerodromes and Airport – meaning 1.4.2 Airport Data Reference position Airport Design Criteria i) Runway dimensions and related information Displaced threshold Declared distances Control of obstacles Bearing strength of pavement 1.4.3 Measuring and expressing Runway Friction 1.4.4 Airports Visual Aids 1.4.5 Airports Lightings 1.4.6 Airport Emergency Services ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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NAVIGATION GENERAL:
2.1.1 Form Of The Earth: Shape of the Earth, Cardinal Points Circles (great circle, small circle) Meridians, Rhumb line Units of Distance, Angular and Distance measurement. 2.1.2 Position On Earth: Co-ordinates and Axes. Latitude and Longitude 2.1.2 Direction On Earth: True north, Magnetic north, Compass north Application of Variation and Deviation Convergency and Conversion angle, departure Charts And Maps: 2.2.1 Chart Projections And Properties: Mercator Projection Chart Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Chart, practical use of the 1:500,000 (Lambert chart) and the U.K. 1: 250,000 topographical charts. Methods of indicating relief, chart symbols, principal ICAO symbols 2.2.2. Plotting: Measuring of Distance and Direction on: - ONC Navigation Charts ( K & L series) Definitions
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Track, Heading (true/magnetic/compass) Variation and Deviation Airspeed (AIS, Rectified Airspeed (RAS), TAS), Wind Velocity Height and Altitude (pressure and density) Use of CRP-5 Flight Computer: 2.4.1 Multiplication and Division. Time, Speed, Distance calculations Conversion of units (nautical miles, status miles, kilometers, imperial gallon, US gallons, litres) 2.4.2 Computation of: Density Altitude. 2.4.3 Triangle Of Velocities ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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Computation of: - True Heading and Groundspeed - Wind Velocity (single and multiple drift methods) - Track and Groundspeed - True Heading and True Air Speed (TAS) - Track Error (correction, interception and 1 in 60 Rules) 2.4.4. Fuel: fuel consumption computation (simple fuel calculations) 2.5 Brief Introduction of: - Pressure Instruments (altimeter, air speed indicator (ASI), vertical speed indicator (VSI), Machmeter). Gyroscopic Instruments (artificial horizon, directional gyro indicator, turn and slip indicator) Magnetic Compass (direct reading magnetic compass, unreliability of compass indications during turns and acceleration, effect of metal objects placed in the vicinity of compass). ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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The Atmosphere: - Composition of the atmosphere Vertical structure: Troposphere, stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere. Properties of Troposphere and Stratosphere ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA). Units of measurement (scales) Transfer of heat and heating of the atmosphere, solar and terrestrial radiation, conduction, convection, radiation, effects of land and sea surfaces Diurnal variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind Variation of temperature with height. Temperature Deviation Effect of temperatre on flight Water vapour in the atmosphere Change of state (latent heat) Evaporation, Condensation, Sublimation, Saturation Definitions of : absolute and relative humidity, wet bul temperature, dew point temperature Measurement of humidity Effect of humidity on aircraft operations Atmospheric Pressure: - Definition, units of pressure, measurement of pressure. MSL pressure, isobars, pressure patterns, pressure gradient. Diurnal variation of pressure, pressure variation with height. Altimeters errors Altimeter settings Altimeters height indications Winds, Turbulence And Standing Waves: Wind direction and speed, veering and backing of winds, measurement of surface wind. Relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballots Law. Primary cause of wind, pressure gradient force, coriolis force, geostrophic force. Geostrophic wind, gradient wind Diurnal variation of surface wind Effect of friction on surface wind ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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Local variation of winds with topography , anabatic and katabatic winds, fohn wind, land and sea breezes. Wind variations – gust, squall, gale. 3.6.2 Turbulence : Types of turbulence (frictional and thermal), Diurnal variation 3.6.3 Standing Waves: Causes, conditions favourable for development Air in Vertical Motion (Atmospheric Stability): 3.7.1 Air in Vertical Motion: Adiabatic temperature changes 3.7.2 Atmospheric Stability: Definitions and examples of: stable atmosphere, unstable atmosphere, conditional instability; conditions of their occurrence. Characteristics of a stable and unstable air masses. 3.8 Clouds And Precipitations: 3.8.1 Clouds: Formation of clouds International classification of cloud types, height of bases. Turbulence clouds, convective clouds, diurnal variation. 3.8.2 Precipitations: Types of precipitation Precipitations associated with different types of cloud. 3.9 Thunderstorms Development and types of thunderstorm Structure of thunderstorm Associated weather hazards, thunderstorms and light aircraft. 3.10 Visibility And Fog 3.10.1 Visibility: Definitions of meteorological visibility, runway visual range (RVR) Visibility problems during take-off and landing Causes of visibility reduction (water vapour and solid impurities. Fog, mist, haze and their difference Formation of and clearance of radiation fog and advection fog Diurnal and seasonal variation. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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3.11 Air Masses And Fronts: 3.11.1 Air Masses: Classification of air masses, source regions Air masses over West Africa and associated weather features. Definitions of: I.T.D., Harmattan, line Squall, and Little Dry Season (or August break). Definition and formation of polar front. Warm front and cold front, associated clouds and weather. Changes in weather elements on passage of fronts (surface wind direction, dew point temperature, air temperature, pressure change) 3.12 Weather Associated With Pressure Systems: Depression, secondary depression, col, anticyclone. 3.13 Warnings/Advisories For Aircraft: AIRMET and SIGMET warnings Conditions for issuance. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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FLIGHT PLANNING
Pre-flight Procedures: - Use of Air Pilot, AERAD guide and radio facilities charts. Preparation of ICAO Flight Plan Form. Simple Flight Plans: - Plan preparation Practical exercises with particular emphasis on airways and advisory routes. Fuel Requirements: - Factors to consider when deciding minimum safe fuel load. Payload Calculations: - Calculation procedures for long and short range flights using average wind components and various performance data. Critical Point (CP): Deviation of formula Factors to be taken into an account when calculating CP Expressing CP in terms of time, distance and position. Calculations of CP using single track. Point of No Return (PNR):- - Derivation of formula Factors affecting PNR Calculations involving single tack. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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Instruction Objectives: To provide the students with sound knowledge of techniques and procedures used in aeronautical communications essential to the Dispacther's Licence. Definitions And Communication Abbreviations (Doc. 8400) General Principles Of Vhf Propagation And Allocation Of Frequency Aeronautical Communication Services I Aeronautical fixed service Aeronautical mobile service Radio navigation service Automated aeronautical service Other services operated by private corporations Communication Regulations Categories Of Messages Those handled by Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network Those handled y Aeronautical Mobile Services VFR, IFR and VHF Communication Procedures 5.6.1 General Procedures Transmission of Letters Transmission of numbers Transmission of Time Transmission Techniques Standard words and phases Radiotelephoney call signs for aeronautical (ground) stations including use of abbreviated call signs Radiotelephoney call signs for aircraft including use of abbreviated call signs Transfer of Communication Test Procedures including readability scale Relevant Weather Information Terms Aerodrome weather Weather Broadcast Student Practice I Exchange wide variety of messages emplacing a) need for preparation before transmission clarity and brevity correct message format use of phonetic alphabet ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 -
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correct pronunciation of numbers acknowledgement and sign-off Visit to communication units in NAMA and an airline are necessary. (To be done during the Field Attachment) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 10
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AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL GENERAL
6.1.0 Principle of Flight and Flying Controls Aeroplanes 6.1.1 Definitions 6.1.1.1 Components of aeroplane; stress terms, structural terms, materials used, fatigue Aeroplane configurations; definitions of shape and reference Units of measurement; length area, volume, velocity, mass, weight, pressure (static, dynamic, total), temperature, density, force, power, energy. Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity and density and their inter-relationships International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). Characteristics of air flow; fluid laws, Newton's law of motion for gases, Airspeeds; ASIR through to TAS Reference speeds Terms used to describe aerodynamic phenomena; boundary layer, streamline flow laminar flow, turbulent flow, separated flow, ground effect 6.1.1.10 Abbreviations Derivation of Lift Equation of continuity; mass flow Bernoulli's theorem Streamline flow Angle of attack; ‘incidence' Pressure distribution about a wing (transverse and longitudinal) Centre of pressure, pitching moment Wing shape (plane and section); its effect on lift High Lift Devices; slots, slates, flaps and boundary layer control forces Profile drag; causes, boundary layer, variation with speed, methods of minimising it. Induced drag, causes, vortices, variation with speed, design factors affecting it Interference drag Total effect of the combination of profile and induced drag Lift/drag ratio; variation with angle of attack, implications, operational considerations. Distribution of Forces – Balance Lift/weight and thrust/drag couples Necessity to achieve balance Methods of achieving balance; cp/cg relationship; trim, fuselage bending (tailplane loading) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 11
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stability Aircraft axes and planes of rotation Static stability Dynamic stability Effects of design features on stability, longitudinal, lateral, Inter-action between stability in different planes Effect of altitude/speed on stability Speed stability Stalling Boundary layer and reasons for stalling Variation of lift and drag in the stall Movement of the centre of pressure Symptoms of the stall; stall detection, desirable characteristics Tip stalling; its dangers and methods of minimizing them Effect of separated flow over horizontal stabilizer, design configuration Stall warning devices 6.1.7 Flying Controls 6.1.7.1 Ailerons, elevators, rudder, spoiler/airbrakes, ailerons, flying tail, trimming tailplane. 6.1.7.2 Effects; primary, secondary, primary and secondary control surfaces 6.1.7.3 Flutter; causes, mass balance 6.1.7.4 Actuation manual controls, aerodynamic balance and methods used, powered, controls, methods of transmitting demands to control surfaces, feedback of control surface hinge moment, feel (natural/artificial), feel systems. 6.2.0 Engines/Power Plant: 6.2.1.1 Gas Turbines - Basic Principles; theory of jet propulsion, working cycle. 6.2.1.2. Power Plant - Controls and Indicators. - System Description of: Fuel system; fuel heat; Oil system; engine start system; reverse thrust system. Electrics- introduction:
6.3.1 Direct Current (DC) 6.3.1.1 Definitions; electron, potential, difference, electromotive force, voltage, current, resistance, power Resistance Calculations, series circuit, parallel circuit ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 12
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Resistance (as a function of); temperature, conductor cross sectional area and length Current and Voltage Calculations; series circuit, parallel circuit Electrical Power and Work Basic circuit component and symbols, generator, battery, switch, relay, earth, fuse, circuit breaker, resistance, condenser/capacitor Electrical unit prefixes; mega ohm, kilovolt, milliamp, microvolt 6.3.1.10 Batteries; lead acid (construction, electrolyte composition, cell terminal voltage, electrolyte specific gravity-indications of battery charge state, ampere-hour ratings), nickel cadmium battery (construction, electrolyte composition, electrolyte, S.G. characteristics-indications of battery charge state, cell terminal voltage, thermal runaway and cockpit indications, ampere-hour ratings. 6.3.1.11 Aircraft systems; purpose, checking for serviceability-Pilot oriented, effects of overcoming, effects of leaving a battery in a discharge state, voltage and ampere hour resulting from series and parallel connection, spilt electrolyte neutralising agents. 6.3.1.12 Aircraft Wiring and Circuit Protection, uni-pole, di-pole, earth return, bonding and discharge wicks, screening, short circuit, open circuit, fuses, current limiters, circuits breakers, trip free, non trip free, reverse current circuit breaker 6.3.1.13 Permanent Magnetism 6.3.1.14 Electro-magnetism, solenoid, relay (contactor), reverse current cut 6.3.1.15 Electromagnetic induction 6.3.1.16 Electromagnetic power director current generators (construction- rotating armature with commutator, the electrical field, shunt wound, series wound, compound wound, voltage control and indications), alternators producing direct current by rectification (construction, the electrical field-external excitation, slip rings and brushes, voltage control and indications) 6.3.1.17 Generator control; voltage regulator, reverse current cut out, monitoring instruments (ammeter, load meter, voltmeter, magnetic indicators), field flashing and reset facility, paralleling, differential voltage control, load sharing and equalising circuit, normal indications and operation, emergency indications and follow up actions 6.3.1.18 Bus bar distribution and protection; essential consumers, non essential consumers, emergency consumers, battery supplied consumers (fire detection and protection, emergency lights, emergency instruments) 6.3.1.19 Direct current motors, construction, field winding (shunt, series, 6.3.1.20 Starter generator, control function and application ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 13
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6.3.1.21 Inverter; control function and application 6.3.1.22 Actuators; rotary (control function and application), Linear (control function and application) 6.3.1.23 Ground Power Unit (D.C.), purpose, aircraft circuit protection 6.3.2 Alternating Current (A.C.) 6.3.2.1 Nature of Alternating E.M.F and Current; sine wave format, rms. Value Advantages and Disadvantages Compared to Direct Current Inductance; inductive reactance, current and volts phase relation, frequency variation and effect, definition of units and formula Capacitance; capacitive reaction, current and volts phase relation, frequency variation and effect, definition of units and formula Power in A.C. Circuits; true and apparent power units (kVA) and (kV) defined), reactive power, unit (kVAR) defined Impedance defined Alternating Current Generator Three Phase Brushless; construction-internal excitation (stators and terminal connections, rotor and field winding, field excitation, number of rotor poles in general use, determination of frequency = PN/120 Hertz) Power Derivation; star wound stators (phase voltage – 115v, line voltage – 200v, current value), delta wound stators, (phase current, line current, voltage value) Generator Control and Protection unit (G.C.P.U.); voltage sensing and regulation (over and under frequency monitoring, over and under voltage monitoring, field excitation and control-sampling circuit) 6.4.0. Airframe Systems:
6.4.1 Air conditioning and pressurization
Controls and indicators System description of: Air conditioning pack; and conditioned air distribution system; pressurization system; automatic/standby/manual mode 6.4.2. Emergency equipment Emergency equipment location System description of: Oxygen (passenger & flight crew); crew/passenger portable oxygen; emergency lighting/Exits/ evacuation routes; escape slides/straps 6.4.3. Hydraulic Power (introduction): Controls and indicators System description of: General, hydraulic systems ‘A' & ‘B'; hydraulic standby system 6.4.4. Ice and Rain protection (introduction): Controls and indicators System description of: ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 14
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Engine anti-ice system; wing anti-ice system 6.4.5 Landing Gear Controls and indicators System description of: Landing gear; braking gear; air / Ground sensing Controls and indicators System description of: Fuel vents system; fueling/defueling; fuel feed system; fuel dumps system; fuel transfer 6.4.7. Pneumatics (introduction): Controls and indicators System description of: General; engine bleed / APU Bleed / overheat detection systems 6.4.8. Fire Protection Controls and indicators System description of: Engine fire Detection system; Engine fire, extinguishing system ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 15
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AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
General Principles Objectives The Basis and Importance of Aeroplane Performance Assessment The Relationship between Performance Assessment, Flight Planning and Loading. Definitions, abbreviations and terms used Altitude/Heights, pressure/density altitude, gross/net height, screen height, re-light altitude, stabilizing altitude. Temperature; ISA, OAT, TAT, reasons for difference, declared Performance; net/gross, gradient/slope Speed; all speeds associated with aeroplane performance Weight; all weight associated with aeroplane performance Distances; definitions of distances available associated with aeroplane performance including stopway and clearway National Legislation: Differences According to State Performance probabilities; a basic understanding of derivation and legislation for the provision of flight safety, to include EROPS and ETOPS where applicable. Operational and Airworthiness Requirements; introduction to appropriate AN(G)R, BCAR and JAR Scheduling of Performance Data Performance Groups: a basic understanding of the relevance and differences between performance groups (according to state) Elements of Performance Assessment The Aerodrome; distances (refer 7.1.2), slope (methods of determination), obstructions, runway surface, sources of data. Meteorological Data; pressure/density altitude, temperature (those to be used appropriate to phase of flight) wind components (including regulatory factors), runway state, source of data 7.1.5. Basic Principles For Safety 7.1.5.1. Aircraft certificate considers; Structural strength, Loads to which it will be subject, Speed limitations, Operating environment, Performance capabilities, Runway lengths, Terrain over which it will operate. 7.1.6. Certification Standards; Vary for different aircraft categories, Vary in detail between some states, Provide a high degree of safety by ensuring that all significant factors are considered from take-off to landing, ensure the aircraft operating weight or center of gravity never exceeds that at which all requirements can be met for the planned conditions. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 16
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7.1.7. A major responsibility of the Flight Operation Officer is to ensure that every flight plan complies with all the weight and performance limitations in the Flight Manual. 7.1.8. Speed limitations 7.1.9. Requirement to express in terms of a). Indicated air speed ,b). Mach 7.1.9.1. Designed dive speed 7.1.9.2. Maximum operating speed 7.1.9.3. Normal operating speed 7.1.10. Flight Strength Diagram 71.9.1. Co-ordinates; a) positive and negative load factors, b) indicated airspeed 71.9.2. For a specific weight the aircraft operating envelope is bounded by a) stall regions, b) b) limiting load factors , c) c) limiting airspeed 7.1.9.3. Use of the envelope to briefly illustrate; a) effects of gusts, b) reasons for margins between designed, maximum and normal operating speed limits c) maneuvering speed limit d) some turbulence penetration speed considerations 7.1.9.4. Practical use of typical Flight Manual to determine weight and speed 7.1.10. Take-off Runway Requirements 7.1.10.1. Runway and aircraft performance generally restrict the maximum permissible take-off weight to below the structural limit. 7.1.10.2. The fundamental principle is that the take-off weight must never exceed that for which runway length and subsequent aircraft performance standards have been established 7.1.10.3. Different States have developed different standards Operation of and regulations but the principles are similar. 7.1.10.4 The rules developed earlier for propeller driven Planning and aircraft have been further developed for just further Design of Airports developed for jet aircraft and consider their different characteristics and reliability. Piston Engine Aircraft Take-off Requirements The runway length is based on the Assumption that the most critical engine fails at the most critical time and that the aircraft is loaded to the most adverse center of gravity. 7.1.11.2. Critical engine failure speed Vi; a) never less than minimum directional control speed on the ground, ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 17
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b) depends on accelerate-stop distance and take-off to 50 feet c) for balance field length Vi is selected so that the runway requirements in b) are equal, d) if engine fails below Vi there should be more than adequate runway to brake to a stop, e) if engine fails above Vi there should be more than adequate runway to -continue take-off, -rotate to take-off attitude at Vr; -lift off, -climb out at take-off safety speed V2, -reach 50 feet over the end of the runway 7.1.11.3. a) in theory Vi depends on: (i) weight (ii) runway slope, (iii) runway braking coefficient, (iv) pressure altitude, (v) temperature, (vi) wind velocity (vii) Flap position b) in practice V1 is established; (i) primarily on weight and flap position, (ii) small correction made for altitude, temperature and wind, (iii) found in Flight Manual 7.1.11.4 Take-off safety speed V2; a) 115% of aircraft stalling speed, b) 110% of minimum controllability speed, c) both in take-off configuration with critical engine failed, d) tabulated in terms of indicated airspeed (IAS) for varying weights in flight manual 7.1.11.5 Take-off weight may be runway limited to meet the above criteria for actual conditions of; a) usable runway length, b) pressure altitude, c) temperature d) head or tailwind component e) runway slope f) runway contamination; (i) rain (ii) snow (iii) slush g) flap position ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 18
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WEIGHT AND BALANCE
8.0.1 Terminology 8.0.1.1 Associated definitions & abbreviations; empty mass, basic operating mass, maximum zero fuel weight, use of standard or actual mass in accordance with state legislation, fluids (volume/mass conversion), useful load, allowed traffic load. 8.0.2 Aircraft Mass Checks 8.0.2.1 Procedures; determination of mass, documentation, requirement for re- weighing, equipment list. Determination of take-off weight: The Flight Operations Officer must ensure no limitation exceeded adequate fuel boarded maximum available payload is carried One orderly method of ensuring all limitations are considered in take-off weight is to use the following sequence a) determine maximum operational landing weight as the least of structural limit WAT limit runway restricted limit Determination of Payload Capacity: 1. Subtract minimum fuel required flight from maximum operational take-off weight; 2. Determine maximum permissible zero fuel weight (ZFW) as the lesser of a) structural ZFW limit b) 1 above 3. Subtract the operational empty weight of the aircraft (OEW) from 2. above to find maximum weight available for payload 8.0.3 Determination of aircraft's loaded mass 8.0.3.1 Procedures, load and trim sheet, trim slide-rule, documentation 8.0.4 Effects improper loading 8.0.4.1 Incorrect loading; CG out of limits forward & aft ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 19
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HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
9.1 Basic Aviation Physiology and Health Maintenance 9.1.1 Basic Physiology and the effects of flight 9.1.1.1 Anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear vestibular, circulatory, and respiratory systems. Composition of the atmosphere, gas laws and the nature of the human requirement of oxygen Effects of reduced ambient pressure and of sudden decompression; times of useful consciousness Recognizing and coping with hypoxia and hyperventilation Entrapped gases and barotrauma Diving and flying Effects of acceleration (+/-G) on circulatory system, visions and consciousness Mechanism, Effects and management of motion sickness Flying and Health Noise and age-induced hearing loss Visual defects and their correction Arterial disease and coronary risk factors, ECG, blood pressure, stroke Diet, exercise, obesity Fits, faints and the EEG Psychiatric diseases, drug dependence and alcoholism Tropical diseases and their prophylaxis, hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases. Common ailments and fitness to fly, gastro-enteritis, cold, use of common drugs and their side effects Toxic hazards Causes and management of in-flight incapacitation 9.2 Basic Aviation Psychology 9.2.1 Basic plan of human information processing, including the concepts of sensation, attention, memory, central decision-making and the creation of mental models. Limitations of central decision channel and mental workload Function of attention is selecting information sources, attention, getting stimuli Types of memory, peripheral or sensory memory, long term (semantic and episodic) memory, short term of working memory, motor memory (skills) Memory limitations and failure Perception, the integration of sensory information to form a mental model Effect of experience and expectation of perception Erroneous mental models; visual, vestibular and other illusions ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 20
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Recognising and managing spatial disorientation Use of visual cues in landing Eye movements, visual search techniques, mid-air collisions Skill, rule – and knowledge – based behaviours The nature of skill acquisition, the exercise of skill, conscious and automatic behaviour, errors of skill Rule-based behaviour, procedures, simulator training, failure in rule-based bahaviour. Knowledge-based bahaviour, problem solving and decision making, inference formation, failures in knowledge-based behaviour. Maintaining accurate mental models, situational awareness, conformation bias. 9.3 Stress and Stress Management 9.3.1 Models and Effects of Stress Definitions, concepts and models of stress Arousal, concept of over and under – arousal Environmental stresses and their effect, heat, noise, vibration, low humidity Domestic stress, home relationships, bereavement, financial and time commitments. Work stress, relationships with colleagues and management Effects of stress on attention, motivation and performance Life stress and health, other clinical effects of stress Defense mechanism, identifying stress and stress management Sleep and Fatigue Biological clocks and circadian rhythms, sleep/wakefulness and temperature rhythms, ‘zeitgebers' Sleep stages, sleep at abnormal times of day, required quantity of sleep Work-induced fatigue Shift work Time zone crossing, circadian disrhythmia, re-synchronisation Rostering problems, sleep management and naps Sleep hygiene Management of sleep with drugs 9.4 Social Psychology and Ergonomics of the Flight Deck 9.4.1 Individual Differences, Social Psychology and Flight Deck Management Individual differences, definitions of intelligence and personality Assessing personality Main dimensions of personality; extroversion and anxiety, other important traits, warmth and sociability, impulsivity, tough-mindedness, dominance, stability and boldness. Goal – directed, person-directed types of behaviour ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 21
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Autocratic and democratic leadership styles Individual personality related problems of flying, especially risk-taking Personality interaction on the flight deck, and the interaction of personality with status or seniority, role (e.g. handling/none-handing) and perceived ability of crew members. Concepts of conformity, compliance and risky shift. Implications of these concepts for the flight deck with regard to effects of crew size (especially 2 v 3 crew) Communication, verbal and non-verbal communication, one and two way communication, difference communication styles Methods of maximizing crew effectiveness and improving flight deck, or cockpit resource, management. Interacting with cabin crew, air traffic services, maintenance personnel and passengers The Design of Flight Decks, Documentation and Procedures 9.4.3 Basic principles of control, display and workspace design Eye datum, anthropometry and workspace constraints, external vision requirements, reach, comfort and posture Display size, legibility, scale design, colour and illumination. Common errors in display interpretation. Control size, loading, location and compatibility of controls with displays The presentation of warning information and misinterpretation of warnings The design and appropriate use of checklists and manuals Effects of automation and the ‘glass cockpit'. Integration of information from many data sources on one display, and automatic selection of displayed information. Mode and status representation Machine intelligence and relationship between aircraft decisions and pilot decisions. The avoidance of complacency and boredom, and maintaining situational awareness. Maintaining basic flying skills 9.4.4 Judgement 9.4.5 Making decisions 9.4.5 ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 22
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10.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES I
10.1 The Operator and the Air Operator Certificate

general rules for Air Operator Certification condition to be met for issue variation and continued validity of an AOC administrative requirements Responsibilities Commercial Practices and associated rules 10.2 Flight Operations
10.2.1 The Operations Manual (OM)
10.2.2 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) - General description - Content and purpose - General policy - Definition and standard nomenclature - Use of the MEL by maintenance - Use of the MEL by the flight crew. 10.2.3 Flight Preparation Operational Flight Planning Re/De fuelling with passengers 10.3 Operational Planning 10.3.1 Alternate Aerodrome Take-off Alternate Destination Alternate 10.3.2 Selection of Routes Adequate Aerodrome Ditching considerations Minimum time routes Commander's consideration Filling the ATS flight plan 11.3.3 Procedures for Charter queries ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 10 - 23
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CHAPTER ELEVEN
FLIGHT OPERATIONS OFFICER COURSE -ADVANCED
ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 0
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FLIGHT OPERATION OFFICERS COURSE –ADVANCED
AIR LAW / AIR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
Introduction to Air Traffic Services and Units 1.1.1 Definition of terms used in Air traffic services:- Airways, Advisory Area, Advisory Route, Aerodrome, Base turn, Cloud Ceiling, Cruising level, Danger area, Estimated time of arrival (ETA), Missed approach procedures etc. 1.1.2 Objectives of Air Traffic services 1.2 Airspace classification Flight information region (FIR) Upper flight information region (UIR) Special rules zones Advisory services area An advisory routes 1.3 Types and function of Air traffic services and Units - Air traffic services Air traffic advisory service Air traffic control service Air traffic services units Flight information center Air traffic control units a) Aerodrome control unit b) Approach control unit c) Area control unit d) Air traffic control center e) Air traffic control radar unit 1.5.1 Visual Flight Rules - VFR a) Definition of VFR flights Definition of Visual Meteorological Condition – VMC within Control airspace outside Control airspace With respect to: Flight visibility Distance from cloud Conditions under which VFR flight may operate below VMC ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 1
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VFR flight restrictions: Altitude and flight level VFR flight cruising levels: In Control Airspace 1.5.2 Instrument Flight Rules – IFR a) Definition of IFR Flight Definition of Instrument Meteorological Condition Minimum Flight altitudes IFR Cruising Levels in control airspace 1.5.3 Table of crushing levels Different Tables for VFR flights outside controlled airspace and IFR or VFR Flights within controlled Based on aircraft track 000 to 179 and 180o to 359o 1.6 Operation of Air traffic Control Service Separation standards Vertical separations Horizontal separation Radar separation Air Traffic Control Clearances Content of an ATC clearance ATC clearance expiry 1.7 ATS requirement for Aircraft Reports a) Types/contents of Aircraft Reports Position Information Meteorological Information Operational Information Value of Aircraft Reports To Air Traffic Control To Flight Information Service/Meteorological Services To Alerting Service Position Reports Establishing and identification of reporting points or reporting times Normal contents and format Flight identification ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 2
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flight level or altitude next position and estimated time over 1.8 Instrument Procedure a) Departure Procedures Establishment of a Departure Procedure Standard Instrument Departure Procedure 1.9 Aeronautical Information Service a) Responsibilities and Function Means of dissimination/exchange of Aeronautical information Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) Notice To Airmen (NOTAM) Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) Part 1 – General Part 2 – Enroute Part 3 - Aerodromes Inspection of a typical state (Nigeria) AIP Notice To Airmen (NOTAM) Information to be disseminated by NOTAM Information not to be disseminated by NOTAM Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) Pre-flight and Post Flight Information 1.10 Visit to an AIS unit. (This exercise will be done during the field attachment) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 3
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RADIO AIDS
Electro magnetic radiation Speed of propagation Frequency/wavelength Phase/phase difference Basic radio transmitter Signal generation Feeding and emission of RF signals Modulation of radio waves Amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation Classification of emission Wave propagation Factors affecting range and propagation of ground, direct and sky waves Height of ionospheric layers Radio communications Short range communications systems Frequencies/frequency bands used Coverage and range Errors and accuracy (including classification of bearing accuracy) Factors affecting range and accuracy Coverage and range (including protection) Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Presentation and interpretation (including use of the RMI) VOR (conventional and doppler) Coverage and range (including DOC) Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Presentation and interpretation (including use of the RMI) Coverage and range Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy (including categories) Presentation and interpretation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 4
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Coverage and range Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Presentation and interpretation Basic radar principles Advantages/disadvantages of primary/secondary radars Coverage and range Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Presentation and interpretation VOR/DME area navigation (RNAV) Principle of operation Advantages and disadvantages Accuracy, reliability and coverage Presentation and interpretation Uses of the equipment including modes available Standard codes employed Coverage and range Presentation and interpretation Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Airborne weather radar Coverage and range Errors and accuracy Factors affecting range and accuracy Presentation and interpretation Ground proximity warning system Very low frequency systems (Omega and VLF) Principle of operation Derivation of a position line Ground station locations Advantages and disadvantages Errors and factors affecting accuracy Reliability, range and coverage Presentation of information/flight deck equipment ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 5
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Traffic collision avoidance system* Ground position system ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 6
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FLIGHT PLANNING AND MONITORING
Flight plans for cross country flights Terrain and obstacle clearance Navigation check points, visual/radio Measurement of tracks and distances Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg Computation of headings, ground speeds and times enroute from tracks, true airspeeds and wind velocities Use of wind component, tables for drifts and ground speeds Completion of navigation flight plan Computation of planned fuel usage for each leg and total for the flight Flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb, cruise and descent. Mid weights/instantaneous weights Navigation pan for times enroute Fuel for holding/diversion to alternate Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning Recording of fuel quantities, recalculation at navigational check points, flight progress charts Calculation of actual rate of consumption Comparison of actual and planned fuel consumption and fuel state Revision of PNR/CP Revision of fuel reserves Replanning for new destination in case of problems cruise altitude selection, fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves Radio communications and navigation aids Communication frequencies/call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities, weather stations Navigation/approach aids: type, frequency, ident Air traffic flight plan CA 48 flight plan ICAO flight plan Information included: sources, including operators records for basic information Repetitive flight plan Completion of plan ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 7
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Practical flight planning Checking AIPs and NOTAMS Selection of altitudes/flight levels Plotting tracks, measuring directions & distances Taking tracks and distances from prepared charts Determining TAS including calculation of temperature deviation from JSA Applying W/Vs to obtain headings and ground speeds Leg and total enroute times Fuel consumption rate, each leg Fuel required, each leg including climb and descent Fuel remaining at end of each leg Aircraft weight at end of each leg, including landing weight Fuel for missed approach/climb/cruise to alternate Reserve fuel requirement Total fuel required Use of radio navigation charts (inside and outside controlled airspace) Frequencies/call signs/designators of ATC agencies Determination of ATC frequencies to be used Frequencies/identifiers of navigation aids Preferred routes Minimum enroute/minimum crossing/minimum reception altitudes MORA/safe clearance altitude Selection of flight levels Determination of tracks and distances Selection of alternates Interpretation and use of other information on radio navigation charts SIDs and STARs (Standard Instrument Departures and Standard Arrival Routes) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 8
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NAVIGATION
Form of the earth: rotation, great circle, small circle, rhumb line, geographic poles Position on earth: latitude and longitude, use of co-ordinates to find position, difference of latitude and longitude Direction on earth: true north, magnetic north, compass north, variation, deviation, isogonals Convergency and conversion angle: definitions, formula for calculation, derivation of necessary factors, application on earth Distance on earth: units of measurement, nautical miles, statute miles and kilometres with conversion one to another, relationship to latitude Speed: knots, mph, kph, RAS, TAS, Mach number relationship ground speed Time: distance/speed/time solutions The triangle of velocities Vectors: heading, track, drift, TAS, ground speed, W/V Computer solution Solution of multi-drift W/Vs, head and cross wind components Use of computer for fuel conversions: kilograms, litres, pounds, and imperial gallons, US gallons Solution of fuel flow problems, fuel units in relation to time Pilot navigation The 1 in 60 rule, track error, closing angles, distance gone, regaining and paralleling track, altering heading to destination, DR navigation Time and time conversion Change of time with longitude LMT, UTC, ST and conversion from one to the other Determining time of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight at sea level, using Air Almanac extracts 4.6.1 Definition 4.6.2 The reduced earth 4.6.3 Desired Properties for Navigation 4.6.4 Representation of the Earth's features 4.6.5 Charts Projections 4.6.6 The gromomic projection 4.6.7 The mercator projection ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 9
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4.6.8 The Lambert projection 4.6.9 The polar stereographic projection 4.7 ICAO Chart requirements 4.7.1 General specificational such as chart symbols, relief, units of measurement, 4.7.2 Airport obstruction charts, purpose of type A and B Charts 4.7.3 Plotting Chart, purpose elements, projection scale, aeronautical data, use 4.7.4 Radio navigation chart purpose, elements projection, coverage and scale, aeronautical data, use 4.7.5 Terminal area chart, purpose, elements coverage and scale, aeronautical data, 4.7.6 Instrument approach Chart, purpose elements, coverage and scale, colour aeronautical data, procedural information use. 4.7.7. World aeronautical charts purpose elements, projection, hydrography, topography aeronautical information use. 4.7.8 Aeronautical Chart 1:500000, description 4.7.9 Visual approach chart, purpose elements, scale aeronautical information, use 4.7.10 Landing Chart purpose, elements, scale aeronautical data use 4.7.11 Airport chart, purpose, elements as colours, projection and scale, aeronautical information use. 4.7.12 Airport Chart purpose, elements, scale, airport data use 4.7.13 Aeronautical navigation chart (small scale) purpose elements and colours, projection and scale, aeronautical information use 4.7.14 Precision approach terrain chart purpose elements, scale, use 4.8.1 Charts used by a typical operator, source of charts: government agency, air pilot publications, private agencies such as Jeppesen, airline groups, individual airlines 4.8.2 Charts normally used for planning flights such as route charts, radio navigation charts, small scale plotting charts. 4.8.2 Charts normally used in typical flight sequence, such as airport charts, terminal area charts for standard instrument departure (SID), radio navigation charts, route chart's small scale plotting charts terminal area charts for standard instrument arrivals (STARS) Instrument approach charts, airport charts ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 10
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5.0 INSTRUMENTS

5.1
Air data sources Pitot and static systems Construction and principle of operation Errors and faults Construction, principle of operation and siting Errors and faults Combined pressure head Construction, principle of operation and siting Errors and faults Alternate static source Errors normally associated with alternate vent Air temperature measurement Types of thermometer used Ram air temperature Corrected outside air temperature Air data instruments Altimeter Relationship of pressure and height Principle of operation and construction of sensitive and servo altimeters Subscale setting procedures, standard settings: QFE, QFE (threshold), ONH Interpretation of instrument Corrections and tolerances Determination of corrections due to surface pressure variation Air speed indicator Effect of motion of body through atmosphere Ram air pressure Dynamic pressure Speed terms: EAS, RAS/CAS, TAS Construction and principle of operation Interpretation of instrument Use of coloured are and other markers Errors and corrections Conversion of IAS to TAS Vertical speed indicator ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 11
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Rate of ascent and descent as a rate of change of pressure Aneroid vertical speed indicator Errors and limitations Instantaneous/instant lead VSI Errors and limitations Significance of Mach number Mach number formula Measurement of mach umber as ratio of pressures Construction and principle of operation Presentation, interpretation and use Gyroscopic instruments Gyroscopic principles Rigidity in space, apparent drift, apparent tilt Precession; real (random) drift, real (random) tilt Factors affecting precession rates Construction and principle of operation of the following types of gyro vertical, directional, rate, rate integrating, single degree of freedom, solid state Directional gyro Construction and principle of operation Need to set and re-set Slaved gyro compass Construction and principle of operation Principle of the flux valve Transmission system Output data, use and applications Pre-flight check Artificial horizon Construction and principle of operation Remote vertical gyro Types of display Errors and limitations Output data, use and applications Turn and balance indicator Construction and principle of operation Display types and interoperation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 12
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Errors and limitations Output data, use and applications Turn co-ordinator Construction and principle of operation Display and interpretation Errors and limitations Magnetism and compasses Terrestrial magnetism Earth's total magnetic field H and Z components, relationship to magnetic latitude Directive force, magnetic dip, variation Aircraft magnetism Permeability of materials, hard iron and soft iron Magnetic field of an aircraft, effect on directive force Deviation effect, change of deviation with heading, change of deviation with magnetic latitude Compass safe distances Direct reading magnetic compasses Principles of construction of typical compass Errors and limitations of a magnetic compass Serviceability tests The deviation card Electronic displays and systems Area navigation systems Typical flight deck equipment Input sources, use, crew interface Interpretation, checking and updating Electronic displays & systems (EFIS) Information display types Block diagrammatic data input Interpretation and use of information Flight management system (FMS) General function and principles Inputs and outputs Use and application Flight director Function and application Block diagram, components and display Mode of operation Limitations, operational restrictions I.N.S. (Inertial Navigation Systems) Function and application Modes of operation Limitations, operational restrictions ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 13
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METEOROLOGY (THEORY):
The Earth Atmosphere: Composition Of the atmosphere (up to 60 km) ICAO standard atmosphere (ISA) Units of measurement (scales) Heat and temperature – Heat transfer, Heating of the atmosphere Factors influencing surface temperature; diurnal variations; vertical temperature distribution (lapse rate) Effects of land and water surfaces Atmospheric Pressure; Definition; measurement, units of pressure MSL pressure, isobars, pressure distribution types Variation of pressure with height, constant pressure charts Wind measurements – units and instruments Relationship between wind and pressure – Buys Ballot's Law Basic cause of air movement and forces affecting its movement – pressure gradient force, coriolis or geostrophic force, friction force and centrifugal force Geostrophic wind and gradient wind Wind variations – gust, squalls, gales, diurnal variation Local variation of winds with topography – land and sea breezes, mountain and valley breezes, fohn wind Humidity, Cloud Formation And Precipitation: Water vapour in the atmosphere, change of state (latent heat). Cloud formation, international nomenclature and classification of cloud types. Turbulence, orographic and convective clouds. Precipitations – clouds associated with different types of precipitation (drizzle, rain, hail, showers, snow) Stable And Unstable Air (Air In Vertical Motion): Adiabatic temperature changes (i.e. changes with upward and downward moving air). Stability and instability of the atmosphere. Convective currents – causes, vertical extent ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 14
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Obstruction to wind flow, ground contours, standing or mountain waves Requirement for development Types, stages and characteristics Surface weather changes due to thunderstorms Formation, icing and cloud types Factors which affect the amount of icing, problems associated with icing, hail and sleet Forms of icing – hoar frost, rime, clear ice Visibility And Fog: Definitions – visibility, vertical and oblique visibilities, causes of reduced visibility Fog, mist, haze and their differences Fog – types, formation and causes Air Masses And Fronts: Definition and characteristics Types and classification Types of fronts – warm cold and occlusion Structure and characteristics (i.e factors determining it, surface weather Tropical Weather – West Africa: General circulation Associated weather zones over West Africa Weather systems – Harmattan, line squall and Monsoon Rain ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 15
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METEOROLOGY PRACTICAL
Weather Map (Surface Synoptic Chart): Interpretation of figures used on weather charts (pressure, humidity, temperature and visibility). Interpretation of symbols used on weather charts (surface wind, clouds, present weather) Movement of fronts and simple pressure systems depicted in the charts Estimating winds at 2,000 ft. Flight Documentation: Interpretation of significant weather charts Interpretation of spot winds and temperature charts Decoding of TAF and METAR ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 16
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Aeronautical Communiation Services Ii Aeronautical fixed service Aeronautical mobile service Radio navigation service Automated aeronautical service Other services operated by private corporations Communication Failure Distress And Urgency Procedure Identifying Radio Navigational Aids (VOR, DME, NDB, ILS) from their morse code identifiers SELCAL, TCAS, ACARS phraseology and procedures Student Practice II Exchange wide variety of messages emplacing a) need for preparation before transmission clarity and brevity correct message format use of phonetic alphabet correct pronunciation of numbers acknowledgement and sign-off ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 17
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AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL GENERAL AND TYPE
9.1.1 Basic Principles of Hydromechanics 9.1.1.1 The General principles of ‘Transmission of force by fluid under pressure. The means by which pressure is produced and controlled in a systems Schematic construction and functioning of Hydraulic Systems 9.1.1.4 Hydraulic Fluids; the requirements of hydraulic fluids, characteristics of hydraulic fluids, safety consideration Hydraulic System Main, standby and emergency systems; constant pressure and constant delivery, engine driven, air driven, electrically driven, ram air turbines. Accumulators, function, role as a safety feature Filters; indications and maintenance Valves, associated with normal system operation, incorporated as a safety feature. Seals, function and failures Operation, indicators and warning systems Fluids, storage, reservoirs supply, replenishment and quantity indications, temperature and pressure control and indications, safety precautions Systems operated by hydraulic power, flying controls (including artificial feel, flaps, spoilers, speedbrakes, trim and autopilot), landing gear, wheelbreakers, nosewheel and body gear steering 9.2 Air Driven Systems 9.2.2 System Where Compressed Air is Used for Operations 9.2.2.1 Pneumatic Ice Protection (see ice protection syllabus for detail) Air conditioning Pneumatic Engine Starting(see gas turbine syllabus for details) Instruments (see instruments syllabus for detail) 9.2.3 Sources 9.2.3.1 Compression Process Engine driven compressors Gas turbine compressor Air bleed Turbocharger compressor air bleed Air bottles; pneumatic engine starting, emergency operation 9.2.4 Air Conditioning System 9.2.4.1 Requirements, human factors Air distribution, ventilation Schematic construction and functioning Controls, indicators protection, warnings 9.2.5 Pressurisation 9.2.5.1 Requirements, human factors ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 18
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Pressurised zones in aircraft, pressurization cycle, stresses Pressure control, automatic and manual modes (positives, negatives, rate of change differential pressure limits, safety valves) Cabin altitude, flight altitude, differential pressure Schematic; construction and functioning Controls; indicators, warnings Emergency procedures, rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning 9.2.6 Pneumatic Actuation 9.2.6.1 Systems, leading edge flaps, trailing edge flaps, under carriage, brakes Schematic construction and functioning Controls; indicators protection and warnings 9.3 Fuel Systems 9.3.2 Fuel Tanks 9.3.2.1 Structural, components and types Location; single and multi-engine aircraft 9.3.3 Re-fuelling/de-fuelling 9.3.3.1 Grades of fuel, MOGAS (implications of use), AVGAS, AVTUR (JP1/JP4) Colour coding of aircraft fuelling points and ground installations Density of various fuels Characteristics of fuels, octane rating, flash point, waxing point, colour coding, additives Sequence and types of re-fuelling, under-wing/over-wing, precautions to be observed 9.3.4 Fuel Feed 9.3.4.1 Location of fuel pumps Gravity and pressure feed Pump(s), failure in flight Precautions to be observed when using MOGAS/JP1 Cross feed System Knowledge of schematic system 9.3.5 Fuel Dumping (jettisoning) 9.3.5.1 National legislation, aircraft performance aspects Knowledge of schematic system Precautions to be observed Procedures, prior/during/after dumping 9.3.6 Fuel System Monitoring 9.3.6.1 Importance of fuel management Operation of system; indicators, warning system(s), system schematic knowledge Balancing of fuel, operational imbalance (lateral and longitudinal), engine out configuration ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 19
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Fuel Temperature, Anti-waxing Precautions Fuel De-icing Procedure(s) Ice and Rain Protection 9.3.1 Requirements Anti-Ice, De-Ice 9.3.2 Ice Warning 9.3.2.1 Pneumatic ice protection systems Leading Edges of Flying Surfaces Schematic Construction and Functioning Operation of the System, Limitations Initiation, timing Controls, indicators, protection, warnings 9.3.3 Thermal Ice Protection Systems 9.3.3.1 Propeller blades, air intakes, flying surfaces, pitot and other sensors, windshields, Methods, electrical, air, oil Schematic construction and functioning Operation of the system; limitations Initiation, timing Controls, indicators, protection, warnings 9.3.4 Fluid Ice Protection Systems 9.3.4.1 Leading edges of flying surfaces, propellers Schematic Construction and Functioning Operation of the System; limitations Initiation, timing Controls; indicators, protection, warnings 9.3.5 Rain Removal 9.3.6 Ground de-icing 9.3.7 Effects on aircraft performance 9.4 9.5 Landing Gear and Wheel Braking Systems 9.5.1 Landing Gear 9.5.1.1 Types, fixed, retractable Construction, main components Sources of power, normal operation, alternate and emergency operation Locking devices and emergency extension systems Accidental retraction prevention devices Air/ground logic; sensor systems Position, movement lights and indication Steering, nosewheel steering, body gear steering, turning radius Wheels and tyres, construction, condition (creep, wear, cuts, pressure, contamination), limitations including tyre limiting speed 9.5.2 Wheel Braking Systems 9.5.2.1 ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 20
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Construction, main components Parking brake, operation and indications Alternate and reserve braking systems Sources of power, normal braking system, alternative and reserve braking systems Operation (indications, warning systems), brake system pressure, brake wear indicators, brake overheat, brake energy and cooling data, performance limitations. Anti skid systems, principles and operation, controls and indications, limitations in the event of failure Auto brake systems, principles and operations, controls and indications, rejected take-off auto brake. 9.6 Emergency Equipment 9.6.1 As State Regulations 9.6.2 Doors and Emergency Exits 9.6.2.1 Accessibility, location Normal and Emergency Operation Crew and Passenger emergency exits Aircraft emergency lighting and marking; cockpit/flight deck, passenger cabin, cabin floor Evacuation slides, general use or as life rafts or flotation devices Aircraft cut – in areas 9.6.3 Smoke Detection 9.6.3.1 Location of detector units, toilets, cargo holds, electrical and equipment bays System Operation Indicators and Warnings Functional Test Location and use of smoke protection devices, masks/smoke hood 9.6.4 Fire Detection 9.6.4.1 Location of Detector Units in Relation to Protection, engine nacelles, wheel wells APU System Functional Test 9.6.5 Fire Protection (Aircraft Systems Equipment) 9.6.5.1 Location of Components, bottles etc Pre-Flight Check of Components, gauge pressure, temperature (effects on pressure), indication of system, integrity (used bottle), functional test) System Operation, warnings A.P.U; pre-flight check, gauge pressure, temperature and its effects, system integrity, functional test. 9.6.6 Oxygen System and Equipment 9.6.6.1 Effects of Hypoxia ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 21
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Components, location, checks, system tests (crew, passenger) Principles of Operations of Systems in relation to; cabin altitude, automatic, manual Protection and Surveillance Devices Drills, use of equipment (normal operations, rapid decompression) Comparison of Constant Flow and Demand Outlet Masks Use of oxygen generators Dangers of Oxygen Uses; safety measures Replenishment of Oxygen Systems 9.6.7 Emergency Equipment 9.6.7.1 Types of Portable Hand Held fire Extinguishers Portable Oxygen Life Jackets and Life Rafts Survival Packs, types of survival equipment, emergency locator beacon, transmitter Emergency Torch Fireproof Gloves. 9.7 Electrics 9.7.1 Multiple A.C. Generator Operation; paralleling and loaded sharing (constant speed drive unit-CSDU-and cooling method, integrated drive system and cooling method, fault indication and disconnect facility) 9.7.2 Power distribution and Application (A.C.); split bus bar (frequency wild supply), tied bus bar (synchronised generator output), combining bus bar (independent or synchronised generator output), single/multi-phase consumer equipment 9.7.3 Monitoring Equipment; phase discriminator, synchronising lights, voltmeter, frequency meter, kW/kVAR meter (True and reactive loads), failure warning lights (field trip, overheat, constant speed drive unit (CSDU) oil pressure and temperature 9.7.4 Transformers and Function in A.C. Electrical Units 9.7.5 Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU); direct current distribution 9.7.6 Use of Inverters in A.C. Circuits 9.7.7 Fault diagnosis and in flight emergency operation; essential consumers, non- essential consumers, emergency supplied consumers, load shedding 9.7.8 Alternating current motors; control function and application of general purpose (series), induction (three phase and single phase), and synchronous 9.7.9 Ram Air Turbine (RAT); construction and control, application 9.7.10 Ground Power Unit (A.C.); purpose and control, aircraft protection circuits, external power connection method 9.7.11 Semiconductors 9.7.11.1 Principle and Application to; resistors, rectifiers, transistors 9.7.12 Logic Circuits 9.7.12.1 Principle and Application to Aircraft Systems; logic symbols, switching ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 22
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Electronic Display Systems AIRCRAFT (GENERAL) - BOEING 727/737: 9.8.1 PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT: 9.8.1.1 Flight Controls – Controls and Indicators - System Description of: Roll Control; Speed Brakes; Pitch Controls (Elevators and Stabilizer); Yaw Control - High Lift Devices (Trailing edge flaps and Leading edge 9.8.2 ENGINES / POWER PLANT: 9.8.2.1 Gas Turbines - Basic Principles; theory of jet propulsion, working cycle. 9.8.2.2 Power Plant - Controls and Indicators. - System Description of: Fuel system; fuel heat; Oil system; engine start system; reverse thrust system. 9.8.3 ELECTRICS AND AUTOMATIC FLIGHT: 9.8.3.1 Automatic Flight – Controls and Indicators. - System Description of: General; Autopilot and Yaw Damper. 9.8.3.2 Electrics - Controls and Indicators. - System Description of: Electrical Power Control and Monitoring; Main Power Distribution; Battery and Standby; System Protection: APU. 9.8.4 AIRFRAME SYSTEMS: 9.8.4.1 Air conditioning and pressurization Controls and indicators System description of: Air conditioning pack; and conditioned air distribution system; pressurization system; automatic/standby/manual mode 9.8.4.2 Emergency equipment - Emergency equipment location System description of: Oxygen (passenger & flight crew); crew/passenger portable oxygen; portable fire extinguishers; emergency escape; emergency lighting/Exits/ evacuation routes; escape slides/straps 9.8.5 HYDRAULIC POWER - Controls and indicators System description of: General, hydraulic systems ‘A' & ‘B'; hydraulic standby system 9.8.6 ICE AND RAIN PROTECTION: Controls and indicators System description of: Engine anti-ice system; wing anti-ice system 9.8.7 LANDING GEAR Controls and indicators ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 23
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System description of: Landing gear; braking gear; air / Ground sensing 9.8.8 FUEL Controls and indicators System description of: Fuel vent system; fueling/defueling; fuel feed system; fuel dump system; fuel transfer 9.8.9. PNEUMATICS Controls and indicators System description of: General; engine bleed / APU Bleed / overheat detection systems 9.8.10 FIRE PROTECTION Controls and indicators System description of: Engine fire Detection system; Engine fire, extinguishing system ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 24
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10.0 LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
10.1 State Legislation
10.1.1 Centre of Gravity (CG)
10.1.1.1 Associated Definitions and Abbreviations, importance in relation to aircraft
10.1.2 Mass and Balance Limits 10.1.2.1 Associated Definition and Abbreviation, approved flight manual mass and CG limits (towing, taxi, take-off, landing, cruise, Mach. No.) 10.1.2.2 Maximum Floor Load, location, running load, point load, use of spreaders. 10.1.2.3 Maximum Ramp and Taxi Mass in Relation to Stability. 10.1.2.4 Factors Determining Maximum Permissible Mass; structural limitations (taxi, take-off, landing, maximum zero fuel weight), performance limitations (available distance for take-off and landing, rate of climb and performance ceiling, requirements is relation to obstacles, WAT limits, one engine inoperative), weather conditions, ambient and runway conditions, minimum equipment list (aircraft unserviceablilities). 10.2 Centre of Gravity 10.2.1 Basic calculations 10.2.1.1 Terms Used; associated definitions, abbreviation, explanations 10.2.1.2 Expression of CG in Terms of Percentage of Mean Aerodynamic Chord 10.2.2 CG Checks 10.2.2.1 When Aircraft Weighted 10.2.2.2 Documentation 10.2.2.3 Practical methods of calculation; units used, mathematical, trim slide-rule computer, graph, tabular 10.2.3 Procedures for determining loaded CG 10.2.3.1 Load and Trim Sheet, slid rule, computer, graph, tabular, documentation 10.2.3.2 CG Limits NOT Exceeded, check 10.2.3.3 CG Out of Limit; re-location of load, use of ballast (dead load/fuel) 10.2.3.4 Determination of Pitch Trim for Take-off 10.2.4 Re-capitulation of Effects of CG Out of Limits, Fwd/Aft 10.2.5 Effects of CG within limits 10.2.5.1 Towards Fwd. Limits 10.2.5.2 Towards Aft. Limit 10.2.5.3 In flight control of CG, fuel consumption, fuel transfer, retention of fuel 10.2.6 Securing of load 10.2.6.1 Importance of Location and Adequate ‘Tie Down' 10.2.6.2 Effect of load shift, movement of CG (possible out of limit), structural damage due to inertia. 10.3 Checking of Load and Trim Sheet 10.3.1 Computer and Manually Determined. 10.3.1.1 Flight No. and Date ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 25
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10.3.1.2 Aircraft Type and Registration 10.3.1.3 Correct Units Used 10.3.1.4 All Calculations Correct 10.3.1.5 Pitch Trim in Relation to CG 10.3.1.6 Mass & CG Within Limits 10.3.1.7 Additional checks for manually determined; mathematical errors, correct graph usage, correct use of tables, correct use of trim slide rule. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 26
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11.0 AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
11.1. Performance of Aeroplane Certificated Under JAR/FAR 25 performance
groups A and B, BCAR Section D and BCAR 23 11.1.1 Definitions, Abbreviations and Terms Used 11.1.1.1 Any which are new to this performance group; notably, Vef (engine failure speed), V1, Vr, V2, Vmbe, Vstop, Vmeg, Vmca, definition of balanced field length. 11.1.2 Take – off requirements 11.1.2.1 Operational D AN(G)R and Airworthiness (BCAR/JAR) WAT Limit; climb gradients, effect of pressure altitude and temperature, effect of engine bleeds. Take-off Distances; derivation of the take-off distance required, take-off run required, emergency distance (accelerate-stop distance), scheduling of performance data for the above requirements, effect of aeroplane weight, pressure altitude and temperature, runway slope and wind velocity, effect of engine bleeds, effect of wet/dry conditions on take-off distance (emergency distances), the balanced field length (BFL) concept. Take-Off Speeds, derivation of V1, Vr, V2, effect of aeroplane weight. Runways; runway variable, LCN, ISWL, specified runway bearing strength, sources of data. Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data and Charts; determination of associated V1, (accelerate-stop distance), determination of subsequent Vr, V2, effect of wet/dry conditions, brake energy capabilities and tyre speed limits (factors affecting and effects on MTOW), contaminated runway operation (determination of speeds, effect of hydroplaning). 11.1.3 Climb performance 11.1.3.1 Initial Climb; definition of designated climb segments, segments defined by aeroplane configuration involving speed variation, undercarriage and flap retraction, assumed climb technique, determination of climb speed, determination of rate of climb/gradient. 11.1.3.2 Obstacle Clearance Requirements; obstacle identification (take-off flight path funnel), obstacle clearance (options and limitations), effect of aeroplane weight (reduction on take-off distance required (TODR), rate of climb/gradient, slopping runway effect on relative height of obstacle, effect of turns on climb performance. 11.1.3.3 Climb (one engine inoperative); net take-off flight path 11.1.3.4 Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data (all engines operating) effect of aeroplane weight, pressure, altitude, temperature and wind, determination of rate of climb/gradient, determination of recommendation and optimum ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 27
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climb speeds (best angle of climb, best rate of climb) flap retraction speeds, time – to – climb calculations for reaching cruise altitude. 11.1.3.5 Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data (one engine inoperative); maximum cruise altitude with one engine inoperative. 11.1.4 Cruise performance 11.1.4.1 Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data (engines inoperative), determination of maximum cruise altitude, buffet boundary protection, cruise control (power settings, speeds, and fuel consumption for maximum range and endurance) speed/range trade-offs for optimum performance, effects of the use of maximum continuos power settings. 11.1.4.2 Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data (one engine inoperative); determination of stabilizing altitude/weight, determination of drift down, range and optimum speed, effect of re-light altitude on drift down, drift down procedures (engine bleeds etc). 11.1.4.3 Regulations (0ne engine inoperative); regulations pertaining to fuel jettisoning and en-route terrain/obstacle clearance. 11.1.5 Descent and landing performance 11.1.5.1 Operational and Airworthiness Limitations 11.1.5.2 Descent Procedures and Speeds; optimum descent procedures, time to commence descent (fuel consumption in descent), limiting airspeeds (maximum normal operating airspeed, maximum operating airspeed – Vmo, never exceed airspeed – Vne). 11.1.5.3 WAT Limit; climb gradient, effect of pressure altitude and temperature, effect of engine bleeds. 11.1.5.4 Landing Distance; effect of aeroplane weight, effect of pressure altitude and temperature, runway slope and wind velocity, state regulatory factors pertaining to the above. 11.1.5.5 Use of Aeroplane Flight Manual Data; determination of maximum permitted planned landing weight (regulatory safety factors), determination of approach and landing speeds (Vat), determination of maximum permitted planned landing weight and landing distance required for wet/dry, slippery/contaminated runway and descent and landing performance calculations for alternate aerodrome, re-assessment of landing performance overhead destination/alternate aerodrome (parameters to be used). 11.1.6 Optional Procedures 11.1.6.1 Noise Abatement Procedures, effect on climb performance 11.1.6.2 Variable Thrust Take-Off; principles of variable thrust take-off, limitations, methods of determining thrust required with regard to ambient conditions at a given aerodrome, effect of reduced thrust on take-off distance, effect of reduced thrust on take-off speeds (V1, Vr), effect of reduced thrust on climb performance and obstacle clearance, procedures to be used. 11.1.6.3 Increased V2 procedures, principles of increased V2 procedure, limitations effect on take-off distances (take-off speeds climb performance; obstacle clearance), significant speeds involved. 11.1.6.4 Performance effect associated with the minimum equipment list (MEL). ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 28
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12.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
12.1 Operational procedures requirements
12.1.1 General requirements about
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method of carriage of persons admission to flight deck unauthorized carriage portable electronic devices endangering safety additional informations and forms to be carried informations retained on ground power to inspect production of documentation and records preservation of documentation carriage of documents and Navigation equipment 12.1.2 Operational procedures requirements - Operational control and supervision instrument departure and approach procedures carriage of person with reduced mobility carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees or persons in stowage of baggages and cargo passengers seating securing of passenger cabin and galley(s) smoking on board take-off conditions application of take-off minimas 12.1.3 Performance consideration mass limitations One engine unit inoperative Two engine unit inoperative Airoplane Performance Limitations 12.2 All weather operations requirements: 12.2.1 Low visibility operations Aerodrome Operating Minimas - General Low visibility operations – General operating rules Low visibility operations – Aerodrome considerations Low visibility operations – Training and qualifications Low visibility operations – Operating procedures Low visibility operations – Minimum equipment ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 29
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VFR Operating minima Non-Precision Approach System Minima Minimum Descent Height Precision Approach Category: - Category Operations 12.2.2 Instrument and safety equipment requirements: - General introduction circuit protection devices windshield wipers airborne weather radar equipment flight crew interphone system public address system internal doors and curtains emergency medical kit first aid oxygen supplemental oxygen – pressurised aeroplanes supplemental oxygen – non-pressurised aeroplanes crew protective breathing equipment hand fire extinguishers crash axes and crowbars marking of break-in points means for emergency evacuation emergency lightings automatic emergency locator transmitter life rafts and survival ELTs for extended overwater flights survival equipment 12.2.4 Communication and navigation equipment requirements: - audio selector panel radio equipment VFR communication and navigation IFR and VFR 12.5 Flight and Duty Time Limitations and Rest requirements Responsibilities Maximum Permissible Flying Duty Period In-flight relief Cummulative Limits ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 30
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12.6 Aircraft maintenance - application for and approval maintenance management operator's maintenance management exposition operator's aircraft maintenance program continued validity of the Air Operator's certificate in respect of maintenance system equivalent safety case 12.7 Security and Emergency Procedure 12.7.1 Airline Security Aims and Objectives Security measures taken by airlines Procedures for handling threats, bomb scares etc. Passengers and their baggages Personnel securiy 12.7.2 Emergency Procedures a) Pilot/ Dispatcher's responsibilities and authority Declaring an emergency Radio frequencies Distress procedures Urgency procedures Who to contact in the event of an emergency Special emergency 12.8 Special Operational Procedures And Hazards (General Aspects) 12.8.1 Ground de-icing - icing conditions definition and recognition, on ground/in flight de-icing, anti-icing, types of de-icing fluids performance deterioration, on ground/in flight 12.8.2 Fire/smoke - fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment (choice of appropriate extinguishing agents according to fire classification and use of the extinguishers) - actions in case of overheated brakes after aborted take-off and landing smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and actions taken) 12.8.3 Decompression of pressurized cabin - slow decompression rapid or explosive decompression dangers and action taken 12.8.4 Windshear, microburst ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 31
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definition and description effects and recognition during departure and approach actions to avoid and actions taken during encounter 12.8.5 Wake turbulence - influence of speed and mass, wind actions taken when crossing traffic, during take-off and 12.8.6 Fuel jettisoning - 12.8.7 Transport of dangerous goods classification and division dangerous goods list responsibilities practical aspects 12.8.8 Contaminated runways - kinds of contamination braking action, brake coefficient performance corrections and calculations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 32
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13.0 DISPATCH RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
13.1 Introductory Flight Simulator Training – synthetic flight training
a)
Five (5) hours each 13.2 Basic Concepts of DRM 13.2.1 Operational environment 13.2.2 Situational awareness for the Flight Operation officer/Dispatcher 13.2.3 Communications 13.2.4 Handling information 13.2.5 Interpersonal skills 13.2.6 Workload management 13.2.7 Effective decision making 13.3 Pre-Simulator CRM briefing participation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 11 - 33
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CHAPTER TWELVE
CABIN CREW BASIC COURSE
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1. SAFETY POLICIES AND PROCEDURES (STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES)
Introduction: Safety policies and procedures and the carriage of cabin crew onboard • Standard Operating Procedures • Number of Cabin Crew • Minimum number of Cabin Crew • Incapacitation of SCCM • Inoperative Exits • Reduced number of Cabin Crew Carriage of passengers and passengers requiring assistance • Restricted seat allocation • Special categories of passengers • Passengers with reduced mobility • Stretcher service for passengers • Passenger requiring oxygen • Unaccompanied minors • Expectant Mothers Deportees and in-flight disturbance • Unauthorized carriage • Intoxicated passengers • In-flight disturbance • Deportees and passengers in custody • Inadmissible passengers Death onboard Carriage of Animals and Pets • Live animals • Pets • Guide dogs for the blind Use of seatbelts and shoulder harnesses, crew at stations and cockpit access • Passengers seatbelts • Infants seatbelts • Cabin crew at duty stations • Abnormal conditions • Seating positions in the flight deck • Use of vacant seats • Admission into the flight deck • Crew meals during the flight • Flight Deck entry, critical phases of flight ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Allowed baggage in the cabin and cargo hold, allowed electronic devices, smoking policy and cabin lighting • Allowed hand baggage • Crew baggage • Smoking policy • Portable electronic devices • Cabin lighting Communication: Processes, procedures and systems • Normal communication • Communication and co-ordination • Communication Crew reporting on duty and the different modes and devices used by both crew and passengers to gain access into the aircraft • Safety on the ramp • Air bridge boarding • Air bridge steps • Aeroplane steps • Reporting on duty • Pre-flight reporting times • Pre-flight briefing Safety and security checks on safety and catering equipment in the aircraft and cabin preparation • Aircraft cabin defect logbook • Safety equipment checks • Catering checks and cabin preparation • Security and precaution • Security checks Procedures for passenger boarding, seating, luggage handling and necessary assistance as required by passengers ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Passengers embarkation and distribution • Passengers boarding • Boarding completed, "AFTER BOARDING CHECKS" • Before taxi or pushback • Progress check Passenger in-flight safety briefing, in-flight info, equipment demo and security checks • Passenger briefing • Welcome announcement • Safety demonstration • Cabin secure, take-off • During flight • Cabin secure Disembarkation from the aircraft (passenger & crew) and passing through security checks • Parking, door disarming • Disembarking • Passing through customs Re-fuelling with passenger onboard, transit and crew change, positioning flights and turbulence • Re-fuelling/De-fuelling with passengers onboard • Transit and Crew change • Positioning flights ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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2. SAFETY AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

General emergency situations • Emergency Situations • Silent Review Emergency landing • Planned Emergency Landing • General Procedures • Unplanned Emergency landing • Brace Positions Evacuation • General Overview • Emergency guidelines • Land survival • Sea survival Fire in the cabin • Classification of fires • Cabin smoke/fire fighting procedures • Smoke Evacuation General emergency situations Crew incapacitation Unruly passengers/hijack • Unruly behaviour • Handling of unruly passengers In-flight medical emergencies • In-flight Medical Emergencies • Roles of a First Aider • First Aid treatment • Medical Emergencies • Death onboard ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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3. SAFETY EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
Fire Fighting Equipment • Fire extinguisher water glycol • Fire extinguisher Halon 1211 • Asbestos(Protective) gloves • Smoke goggles • P.B.E (Protective breathing equipment.) Life Saving or Therapeutic equipment • Oxygen bottles • Quick donning mask • Full face mask • Drop down mask • First aid kit Location Equipment • Radio beacon • Day and night signals • Icaros rocket • Sea dye marker Floatation Equipment • Escape slides • Seat cushions Evacuation Equipment • Doors (Exits) • Over-wing exits • Escape ropes • Slides/Rafts • Emergency exits lights vi. Escape Equipment • Radio beacon ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• First Aid kit • Doctor's kit vii. Communication Equipment • P/A(Public Address) System • Inter-comm. System ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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4. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
Pre-Flight Preparation • Theoretical Preparation • Documentations (Personal Documents and procedure Documents ) • Body-Hygiene o The objective of pre-flight briefing, briefing-suggestions: Pre-Flight & Pre-Boarding Procedures • Pre-flight procedures • Pre-flight checks • Pre-boarding passengers General Boarding Procedures • General passenger boarding • Unaccompanied minors • Transportation of passengers with disabilities • Multiple occupancy of seats • Seat duplications • Carriage of stretcher patients • Cabin baggage (carry-on luggage) • Stowage of cabin baggage • Child restraint systems (CRS) Ramp Escorting Procedures • Guidelines for escorts • Taxi- out procedures • Safety demonstration • Other taxi/pre-take-off responsibilities Initial Climb/Cruise Responsibilities • General responsibilities • Photography on board • Smoking on board ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Initial Descent Procedures/ Final Descent • Initial Descent Procedures • Final Descent Procedure Taxi-In Procedures • Taxi procedures • Arrival at gate • Pre-departure crew briefing • Turbulence procedures during flight • Unanticipated turbulence • Anticipated turbulence • Turbulence terminology • Crew communications & coordination Fuelling with Passengers on Board • Crew procedures • Doors & exits • Stretcher patients Disembarkation/Post Flight • Disembarkation • Post flight procedures • Security Checks: • Flight Deck, Galley, Bin, Seats, Seat Pockets, Toilets, Floor Emergency Equipment Stowage • Cabin Defect Log • Cabin Voyage Report/In-Flight Safety Report • Cabin Crew Incident Enquiry Cabin Announcements • Boarding Announcement
Welcome and Flight Information
Departure/Demo
After Take-Off/Turbulence
Decent/Arrival • Remote Stand • Fueling With PAX on Board ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Passenger to Transit Lounge • Free Seating • Lengthy Delay. • Flight Diversion • Fuel Stop En-route • Medical Assistance Required • Post Decompression • Health and Comfort • Pay Bar Service Announcement • Night Flight When The Sun Will Rise Before • Bomb Scare Passenger Briefing • In-flight Passenger Briefing • Bomb EVACUATION/Rapid Deplane Passenger Briefing ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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5. FIRST AID AND AVIATION MEDICINE
First aid and Aviation Medicine • Roles and Responsibilities • Medical Situation Decision Making • Medical Drill • Airline Rescuer Risks • Introduction to Major Organs of the Body Casualty Assessments and Resuscitation • - Casualty Assessment • - Resuscitation • - Basic Airway Management • - Hypoxia and Administration of Oxygen • - Oxygen Administration • - Artificial Ventilation • - Basic Life Support (BLS • - Initial Assessment • - Adult Basic Life Support • - Recovery Position • - Pediatric Basic Life Support In-Flight Medical Emergencies • Unconscious Adult • Conscious Child • Unconscious Child • Conscious Infant • Unconscious Infant • Unconsciousness • Anaphylactic (Allergic) Shock • Heart Attack • Diabetic Emergencies • -Hyperventilation(Emotional Over-breathing) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Abdominal In Flight Medical Emergency • Diarrhea and Vomiting • Appendicitis • Renal Colic – Kidney Stones • Peptic Ulcer and Heartburn • Ectopic Pregnancy • Emergency Childbirth • Newborn Resuscitation • Bacterial Meningitis Effects of Flying • Air Sickness • flatus (Wind) Injury Related Emergencies/Conditions • Minor Wounds • Major Wounds • Types of Bleeding • Severe External Bleeding • Internal Bleeding • Management of Bleeding From Special Sties • Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries • Spinal Injury • Chest Injury • Abdominal Injury • Injuries to Muscles and Skeleton Slings and Bandages • Triangular Bandages • Restricted Blood Flow • Types of Burns ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Major Burns - Chemical Burns Physiology of Flight • Effects of Flying on the Body • Decompression • Pressurized cabin • Time of useful consciousness First Aid kits and other Medical Equipment • First aid kits • Medical kits • Defibrillators • Portable oxygen ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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6. SAFETY AND SURVIVAL
Search and Rescue Procedures • Introduction • Search And Rescue Procedures • Three phases of the search and rescue procedure • The RCC and other rescue members Basic Principles of Survival • Introduction: • The body: temperature, chemical balance, blood and water • Basic Principles of Survival • The will to survive Priorities of Survival • Sources of Water and Food • Plants and Vines Types of Survival • Water Survival • Polar Survival • Desert Survival • Jungle Survival Survival First Aid and Hygiene o Survival First Aid • Sun Burn(Sun Stroke) • Insect Bites • Water And Food ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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7. DANGEROUS GOODS REGULATION
• Statistics research • The regulators Dangerous Goods General • Dangerous Goods acceptable • Dangerous Goods forbidden for transport • Dangerous Goods excepted or limited • Passenger who wish to carry Dangerous Goods Classes and Divisions o Classes of dangerous goods • Flammable liquid, solid and gases • Oxidizing substance • Radioactive material • Miscellaneous dangerous goods Precautionary Measures • Aerosol cans • Dental apparatus • Diving equipment • Electrical equipment/powered apparatus • Camping equipment • Diagnostic specimens • Aqualung gas cylinders • Cryogenic liquid • Pharmaceuticals • Refrigeration • Solvent and adhesives • Swimming pool chemical ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Switches in electrical equipment or Instrument • Matches box and book matches • House hold goods • Lighter fluid • Gas cigarette lighter Marking & Labeling/Information to Passengers • Passenger who wish to carry Dangerous Goods • Marking and labeling • Operators information to passenger ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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8. AVIATION SECURITY
Introduction to Aviation Security • Access to Company Aircraft • Security Inspectors • Other persons with Statutory Right of Access • Routine Security Checks • Acceptance of Private Packages • Crew Baggage Security • Internal Warnings • The Barrier Method • Flight Deck/ Cabin Crew • Suspect Items In- Flight find • Least Risk Bomb Locations (LRBLs) • Preparation of the Least Risk Bomb Location • Moving the Device and Building the LRBL • Flight Crew Procedure • Landing Gear – Down (Normal IAS Limit) • Maintain Cabin Altitude • Advice Cabin Crew (Not PA) • Early Landing – Initiate • Passenger Briefing (PA) – Initiate • EOD Advice – Obtain If Possible • Pressurization – Depressurization when Diff Zero • Approach Flap Extend (Normal IAS Limit) • Procedure whilst Taxiing • Not to Terminal Area • Declare Emergency advice reason and need to Evacuate • Taxi to Designated or nearest suitable Evacuation Area • Evacuation Method – Determine (Steps or Slides) • Cabin Crew Procedures • Suspect Items – Ground • Flight Deck Door • Access Procedure • Permitted Persons • Validation of Permitted Persons • Types of Hijackers ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Crew Response to the Hijackers • Cabin Crew to Flight Crew Communication • Contingency Planning • Cabin – General Housekeeping Post Incidence Procedures • Psychological Effects • Post Trauma Stress • Post Trauma Reactions – Emotional • Post Trauma Reactions – Mental • Post Trauma Reactions – Bodily • P.T.S.D. Symptoms – Re-experiencing • P.T.S.D. Symptoms – Avoidance • P.T.S.D. Symptoms – Arousal • Effect on Organization • Short Term Support • What you can do to Help • What you may do that doesn't Help • Medium to Long Term Support ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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9. CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Introduction to CRM • Introduction and statistics Building a Safety Culture • Mutual respect. • focus on the situation, issues and behavior, not on the person • self confidence • take initiatives • lead by example Situational Awareness • Past experiences • Expectations • Interpretations • Mental model • Don't assume o Safety services are • Collect research ,analyzer and report safety • Inter-departmental interface • Written reports Parts and Systems. • Aircraft Parts • Aircraft Parts and Functions • 3 Directional Freedoms of Flight, Pitching, Rolling and Yawing • Aircraft Basic System of Electrical, Pneumatic and Hydraulic • What is complacency • complacency vs CRM • management of complacency • strategies for preventing complacency • sticking to procedures ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• if procedures don't work report Health as a Human Factor • Physical Matters • Physiological Matters • Emotional Matters • Stress & stress management. • Good Health both at work and home Be Weather Wise. • Weather Conditions • Feed Back to the Flight Deck from the Cabin • Knowledge required for communication • Language required for communication • Signs required for communication • Skills required for communication • Attitude required for effective communication • With the Flight Deck. • What, when and how to communicate. • The whole is greater than the sum of the parts • Working together we achieve more • Good team not by chance but by choice to make it happen. • Be adaptable, pro-active, aware of others' needs • Share Mental Models • Support your crew • Look after yourself to be able to look after others ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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10. AIRCRAFT TYPE – B 737-300
• General Information • Principle dimension • Airplane description • Cabin interior • Passenger service unit • Conditioned air distribution • Cabin configuration • Lower cargo compartment • Ground servicing • General information • FWD Attendant panel • AFT attendant panel • FWD air stairs control panel • Passenger cabin • Passenger, cabin, interior lighting • Control switches • Passenger Address system (PA) • Inter-communication (inter-com) • Crew call system • Passenger call system • Lavatory call • Call system summary Water and Lavatories • Water system – water gauge – shut off valves • Lavatories – shut off valves • Lavatories fire protection • Galley location • Galley system ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Oven, water systems, trolleys, compartments other containers • Oxygen system • Oxygen mask deployment and use • Abnormal indication • Portable oxygen cylinders • Entry and service doors • Door operation • Forward air stairs o normal operation o standby operation Evacuation Equipment • Entry and service doors • Door operation • Forward air stairs
normal operation
standby operation Emergency Equipment • Emergency Equipment Location • Emergency Equipment Description • Typical Emergency Equipment installation Location Checklists • - Forward Cabin Area • - Mid Cabin Area • - Aft Cabin Area • - Galley Areas • - Lavatory Areas • - Control Panels • - All Emergency Equipment and their Check Lists • - Locations of the Check Lists ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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11. SERVICE PROCEDURES
Types of service and Equipment • Introduction • Types and classes of meals • Timing for meals • Equipment used for meals (service and consumption Cocktail Service and Bottle Recognition • Recognition of drinks' bottles • Equipment for Cocktails' mixture • Mixing of Cocktails ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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CHAPTER TWO
COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE COURSE
ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
Flight plans for cross country flight • Terrain and obstacle clearance • Cruising levels • Navigation check points, visual/radio • Measurement of tracks and distances • Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg • Computation of headings, ground speeds and times en-route from tracks, true airspeeds and wind velocities • Use of wind component, tables for drifts and ground speeds • Completion of navigation flight plan Fuel plan • Computation of planned flue usage for each leg and total for the • Flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb, cruise and descent. Mid-weights / instantaneous weights. • Navigation plan for times enroute • Fuel for holding/diversion to alternate • Take off weight • Landing weight • Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log Flight monitoring and in–flight re-planning • Recording of fuel quantities, recalculation at navigational check points, flight progress charts. • Calculation of actual rate of consumption • Comparison of actual planned fuel consumption and fuel state • Revision of PNR/CP • Revision of fuel reserves • Re-planning for new destination in case of problems: cruise altitude selection, fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves. Radio communications and navigation aids • Communication frequencies/call signs for appropriate control agencies and inflight service facilities, weather stations • Navigation/approach aids: type, frequency, ident Air traffic flight plan • CA 48 flight plan • ICAO flight plan ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Information included: sources, including operators records for basic • Repetitive flight plan • Completion of plan Practical flight planning • Checking AIPs and NOTAMS • Selection of altitudes/flight levels • Plotting tracks, measuring directions & distances • Taking tracks and distances from prepared charts • Determining TAS including calculation of temperature deviation from • Applying Wind Velocity to obtain headings and ground speeds • Leg and total enroute times • Fuel consumption rate, each leg • Fuel required, each leg, including climb and descent • Fuel remaining at end of each leg • Aircraft weight at end of each leg, including landing weight • Fuel for missed approach/climb/cruise to alternate • Reserve fuel requirement • Total fuel required Use of radio navigation charts (inside and outside controlled airspace)
• Frequencies/callsigns/designators of ATC agencies
• Determination of ATC frequencies to be used • Frequencies/identifiers of navigation aids • Preferred route • Choice of routes • Minimum enroute/minimum crossing/minimum reception altitudes • MORA/safe clearance altitude • Selection of flight levels • Determination of tracks and distances • Selection of alternates • Interpretation and use of other information on radio navigation • SIDs and STARs (Standard Instrument Departures and Standard Arrival
2. NAVIGATION GENERAL
The Earth • Form Of The Earth • Position On Earth • Direction On Earth ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Distance On Earth The Triangle of Velocities • Vectors Solution • Computer Solution • Solution Of Multi-Drift • Use Of Navigational Computer For Fuel Conversions • Solutions Of Fuel Problems Pilot Navigation • The One In Sixty Rule • Returning To The Track • Double Track Error Angle Method • Track Error Angle And Closing Angle • ETA Revision • Mercator And Lambert Conformal Conic Projection • Orthomorphism • Convergency And Conversion Angle • Representation Of Meridians, Parallels,Great Circles And Rhomb Lines • Plotting Positions And Bearings • Measuring Tracks And Distances • Methods Of Indicating Scale Relief • Conventional Signs Time And Time Conversions • Change Of Time With Longitude • LMT, UTC, ST And Conversion From One To The Other Determining Time Of Sunrise, Sunset and Civil Twilight At Sea Level, Using Air Almanac Extracts ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Air Position, Ground Position, DR Position • Measurement Of Track And Distance • Assessment Of Variation • Practical Operational Range And Usability of Charted Facilities • Solving The Triangle Of Velocities • Plotting Of Position Lines • Calculation Of Actual Track And Ground Speed • Maintaining A Flight Log AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
Air Data Sources • Pitot & Static Systems • Static Source • Combine pressure Head • Errors and Faults • Alternative Static Source • Errors normally associated with alternative vent Air Temperature Measurement • Types of Thermometers used in Aircraft • Ram Air Temperature • Corrected Outside Air Temperature Errors • Relationship between pressure & Height • Principles of operation • Construction of sensitive & servo Altimeters • Height encoding • Subscale setting procedures • Standard Setting: QFE, QNE, QNH • Presentation & Interpretation • Corrections & Tolerances Airspeed Indicator • Principles of operation & Construction • Ram Air & Dynamic Pressures • Compressibility • Speed Terms: IAS, RAS,EAS, TAS • Presentation & Interpretation of Airspeed Indicator • Uses of the coloured arcs • Errors & corrections ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Conversion of IAS to TAS Vertical Speed Indicator • Principles • Presentation • Errors and Limitations • Instantaneous VSI (IVSI) • Advantages of IVSI over the conventional VSI Mach Meter • Principles of operation & Construction • Significance of Mach Number • Mach number formula • Measurement of Mach Number as a ratio of pressures • Presentation, Interpretation & use Gyroscopic Principles • Introduction • Rigidity in space • Factors Affecting rates of precession • Construction & Principle of different types of gyros Directional Gyro Indicator • Introduction • Principles of operation & Construction • Calculations of Drifts • Set & re-set Slaved Gyro Compass • Principles of operation & Construction • Principle of the flux valve • Transmission System • Slaving System • Output data, uses and applications • Pre-flight checks Artificial Horizon • Principles of operation & Construction • Remote Vertical Gyro ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Types of Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations • Output data, uses & applications Turn and Balance Indicator • Construction & Principles of operation • Display Types & Interpretation • Errors and limitations • Output data, uses & applications Turn Co-ordinator • Principles of operation • Construction • Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations Terrestrial Magnetism • Earth's Magnetic Field • H & Z Components of Earth's Total field • Magnetic Latitude • Directive & Deflective forces • Magnetic dip & Magnetic variation Aircraft Magnetism • Permeability of materials • Hard & Soft iron magnetism • Aircraft magnetic field • Effects of Aircraft magnetic field on Directive force • Compass Deviation • Change of Deviation with heading • Change of Deviation with magnetic latitude Direct Reading Magnetic Compass • Principles of construction of a typical compass • Errors & Limitations • Serviceability Tests • The Deviation Card • Characteristics of Compass Liquid • Compass Swing Area Navigation Systems • Typical Flight Deck Equipment • Input sources & uses • Crew interface ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Interpretation, Checking & updating Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) • Information Display Types • Block Diagrammatic Data input • Interpretation • Uses of Information Flight Management System • General function and Principles • Inputs and outputs • Applications Flight Director • Functions and Display • Block Diagram • Components and Display • Mode of operation • Limitations & Operational restrictions Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) • Function & Application • Modes of operation • Operational Restrictions
4. RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS
Basic Radio Theory • Electromagnetic Radiation • Sine wave Theory • Wave terminology • Basic Radio Frequency (RF) Transmission • Antennae Characteristics • Modulation of Radio waves • Modes of wave propagation • Radio Communication VHF Ground Direction Finder • Principles • Coverage and range • Classification of Bearing Accuracy • Factors Affecting Ranging & Accuracy ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Principles of operation • Coverage & Range • Presentation and Interpretation of RBI & RMI • ADF Navigation • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Errors & Accuracy VOR • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting VOR Range • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR CDI • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR RMI • Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Doppler VOR (DVOR) • Errors and Accuracy Instrument Landing System • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting ILS Range • ILS Localizer • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Localizer • ILS Glidepath • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Glidepath • Marker Beacons • ILS Categories • Errors and Accuracy Microwave Landing System • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting MLS Range & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation of MLS Information Radar Theory • Introduction • Primary & Secondary Radars • Advantages/Disadvantages of Primary & Secondary Radars • Radar Applications • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Pulse Techniques ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Distance Measuring Equipment • Principles • Coverage and Range • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Frequency Pairing Area Navigation • Principles of operation • Advantages & Disadvantages • Accuracy, Reliability & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation Secondary Surveillance Radar • Introduction • Uses of SSR Equipment Modes • Standard SSR Codes • Presentation & Interpretation Ground Radar • Principles • Coverage & Range • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy Airborne Weather Radar • Coverage & Range • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Cloud Height Ground Proximity Warning System • Principles of operation • Errors and Accuracy • Alerts and Warnings OMEGA & VLF • Principles of operation • Derivation of Position Line ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Ground Station Locations • Advantages & Disadvantages • Errors and Factors Affecting Accuracy • Reliability, Range and Coverage • Presentation of Information & Flight Deck Equipment Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System • Principles of operation • Presentation & interpretation of Information Global Positioning System • Introduction • Principles of operation • Segments of GPS System • System Limitations • GPS Coverage 5. AIRCRAFT (TYPE)
Introduction • Introduction • Pilot knowledge Aeroplanes • Introduction • Engine operation • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) • Fuel systems • Flight controls • Automatic stabilization systems • Automatic Pilot and flight management systems • Pneumatic, pressure and vacuum systems • Landing gear • Electrical systems • Radio and radar systems • Air condition and pressurization systems • Ice and rain protection systems • Additional aspects ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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6. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• Introduction • Runway Distances TORA TORR TODA TODR ASDA EDR Stopway Clearway • Runway Slope Runway Gradient (%) and Surface Environmental Envelope Wind • Unit of Pressure • Variation of Sea Level Pressure • Calculating Pressure height • Air temperature decreases with height • Air density varies with temperature Normal take-off weight analysis with no obstacles and v speeds • Steps in using CAP385 • Engine Limitations TOGA TOGA Maximum Continuous Thrust Climb • Take-Off Thrust Limitations Effects on Aerodynamics Effects on Engines • Introduction • Take off speeds Vd Design Dive Speed VNE Never–Exceed Speed VNO Maximum Normal Operations Speed or Maximum Structural VA Design Maneuvering Speed ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intensity or Turbulence Penetration Speed VFO Maximum Speed for Flap Operation VFFE Maximum Speed with Flaps Extended VLO Maximum Speed for Landing Gear Operation VLE Maximum Speed with Landing Gear Extended Vs Stall speed VMCA Minimum Control Speed (Airborne) VMCG Minimum Control Speed (Ground) VREF Reference Speed or Target Threshold Speed Vx Best Angle of Climb Speed Vy Best Rate of Climb Speed Vyse Best Single–Engine Rate of climb Speed VTOSS Take–off Safety Speed V1 Decision Speed VEF Engine Failure Speed Vcl en route climb Speed Vfr Flap Retraction Speed Vlof Lift–Off Speed and M Mach Number Take-off with no obstacle • Introduction • Maximum Abandoning Speed Icy Runway • Operation with variable take-off thrust Obstacle clearance • Introduction • Take-off net Flight Profiles • Sloping runway effect on obstacle height • Obstacle clearance height (without slope) • Obstacle clearance height (with slope) • Obstacle Problem with Unused clearway En route limitations • Introduction • En route failure cases • En route performance • 90 minute rule • Net and gross Performance • Effects of Bleed ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Stabilizing altitude • Engine Failure(s) • En-route Problems Landing problems • Introduction • Landing Distance Available (LDA) • Runway Surface Conditions • Landing Considerations Effect of air density on the approach and landing Effect of wind on the landing • Very Slippery Runway • Performance classification number (PCN), Aircraft classification number
7. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Hydraulics • Basic principles of Hydromechanics • Basic principles of Transmission of force by fluids under pressure • Pressure production and control in a system • Hydraulic System Air driven systems • Systems that use compressed air • Air conditioning systems • Pressurisation • Pneumatic Actuation Fuel systems • Fuel tanks • Re-fuelling/de-fuelling • Fuel dumping (jettisoning) • Fuel System Monitoring Ice and rain protection • Requirements • Thermal ice protection systems • Fluid ice protection systems • Rain removal • Ground de-icing ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Effects on aircraft performance Landing gear and wheel braking systems • Landing gear • Wheel braking systems Emergency equipment • State regulations • Doors and emergency exits • Smoke detection • Fire detection • Fire protection (Aircraft Systems Equipment) • Oxygen system and equipment • Emergency equipment
8. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
Principle of flight and flight controls aeroplanes • Derivation of Lift • Distribution of Forces • Lift augmentation • Flying controls • Asymmetric flight • Minimum control speeds • Effect of ambient conditions • Transonic flights Aerodynamic limitations • Introduction • EAS/IAS/TAS/M • Maneuvering and gust envelope • Performance degradation • Adverse effect on performance due to profile contamination ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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9. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS
Introduction and definitions • Introduction • Electrical Terms Electrical components • Introduction Aeroplane batteries • Introduction • Role of the battery • Capacity of batteries • State of charge • Thermal runaway • Introduction • Theory of magnetism • Fundamental laws of magnetism • Classification of magnetic materials • The electromagnet • Electromagnetic Induction Resonance circuits • Introduction • Series resonance • "Q" in a parallel resonant circuit • Self resonance of coils • Introduction • Generator components • Generator characteristics • Interpole and compensating windings • E. A.C. generators - Power factors • F. D.C. generators ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Introduction Power distribution • Introduction - Split Busbar systems Aircraft electrical systems • Introduction • Wires and cables • Monitoring of electrical systems • Ammeters and Voltmeters • Wheatstone bridge • Power meters • Typical multi-engine aircraft electrical systems Aircraft bonding • Introduction • The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor • Ground (Earth) • Static electricity • Lightning strikes • Landing protection 10. ENGINE SYSTEMS
• Basic Gas Laws • Newton's Laws of Motion, mass, force, weight, momentum, inertia • Position engine construction and operation, engine nomenclature, principle of operation, • Engine efficiencies • Power augmentation devices • Fuel delivery • Fuel delivery ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Lubrication and cooling • Ignition system • Engine controls, throttle, rpm, mixture, carburetor heat, cowl flap inform switch, engine priming, pump and prime switch, alternate air • Engine handling, pre-start inspection, starting procedures and precaution, shut down procedures, after start checks and testing, procedures for changing power setting • Engine performance, manifold pressure vs. rpm, propeller load, effect of altitude/temperature on performance, effects of fuel/air ratio, best power, best economy, carburetor air temperature, exhaust back pressure, cruise control • Engine running faults • Basic principles • Engine developments • Engine construction • Operation and requirements of engine systems • Operation of Gas Turbines • Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
11. LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
Introduction and definitions • Introduction • State Legislation • Centre of Gravity (CG) • Mass and balance limits Weight and balance - Associated definitions and abbreviations • Aircraft mass checks • Determination of aircraft's loaded mass • Effects improper loading - Overloading - Incorrect loading Centre of gravity • Basic calculations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Terms used - Expression of CG in Terms of percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (%MAC) • CG checks - When Aircraft Weighted - Documentation - Practical methods of calculation • Procedures for determining loaded CG • Re-capitulation of effects of CG out of limits Fwd/Aft • Effects of CG within limits • Securing of loads Checking of load and trim sheets • Introduction • Computer and Manual determined - Flight number and date - Aircraft type and registration - Correct units used - All calculations correct - Pitch trim in relation to CG - Mass and CG limits - Additional checks for manually determined HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Introduction/Accident Statistics • Introduction • Accident Statistics • Flight Safety Concepts • The Shell Concept Flight Physiology (The Atmosphere) • The Atmosphere • The Gas Laws • Altitude and Height • Metabolism, Respiration and Circulation The Respiration System The Circulating System • Hypertension • Oxygen Requirement of the Body • Cabin Pressurization and Decompression ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Time of useful Consciousness • Decompression Sickness • Hyper Ventilation • Effects of Acceleration • The High Altitude Environment • Extreme Temperatures The Nervous System • Introduction • The Central Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Automatic System • Workings of the Nervous System • Sensitivity, Habituation and Adaptation • Introduction • Eye Function • Accommodation • Dark Adaptation • Light Adaptation • Defective Visions Presbyopia Cataracts Astigmatism Glaucoma Flash Blindness • Corrective Spectacles and Contact Lenses • Sunglasses and Tinted Glasses • Scanning Techniques • Empty or Open Field Myopia Hearing and Balance Spatial Disorientation and Sensing Illusions • Spatial Disorientation Vestibular Illusions - Somatogyral - Coriolis - Somatogravic - Vertigo Visual Illusions ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Approach and Landing Errors - Shape Constancy - Size Constancy - Ground Lighting - Featureless Terrain and the Black hole Effect - Atmospherics Health and Hygiene • Personal Hygiene • Common Minor Ailments - Fitness to Fly, Colds, Influenza (Flu) • Nutrition - Hypoglycemia, Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Element • Obesity - Body Mass Index • Coronary Heart Disease • Tropical Climates and Diseases • Sources of Diseases - Airborne, Insects, Direct Contact, Animal, Food, • HIV and Hepatitis B • Immunization to Diseases - Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A and B, Polio and Diphtheria, Typhoid, Cholera • Avoidance of Tropical Disease • Intoxication - Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs and Self Medication, Caffeine • Dangerous Goods and Toxic Hazards • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Flying After Scuba Diving • Flicker Vertigo and Flicker Epilepsy • Circulatory Shock, • Incapacitation in Flight Deep Vein Thrombosis, Blood and Plasma Human Information Processing • Introduction • How Information is Processed Selective Divided Attention Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Behavioral Approach ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Cognitive Approach Modeling Conditions Necessary For the Promotion of Good Quality Learning Anderson Three Phases For Learning a Skill • Decision Making Decision Making Tasks Factors In fluency Judgment Individual Factors In fluency Judgment Training of Judgment • Introduction Isolated Error Chain Error • Current Approach to Human • Error Associated with Rule Base Behaviour • Errors Associated with Knowledge Base Behaviour • Mental Model or Hypothesis of Reality • Error Generation Internal Factors in Error Generation External Factors in Error Generation Ergonomics Economics Social Environment • Major Goals in the Design of Human Centred Man Machine Interface • Strategies Used to Reduce Human Error Safety and Situation Awareness • Introduction • Development of Behaviour • Classification of Behaviour A Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Basic Model of Motivation • Self Concept • Self Discipline • Mental Attitudes Hazardous to Flight Safety • Introduction Environment Stressors ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Domestic Life Stressors Work and Organizational Stressors • Levels of Stress Acute Stress and the General Adaption Syndrome Chronic Stress • Stress Limits • Model of Stress • Stress Management • Coping Strategies Action Coping Cognitive Coping System Directed Coping • Long Term Coping Strategies Sleep and Fatigue Reasons for Sleep - Length of Sleep - Stages of Sleep Sleep Credit/Deficit Body Rhythms and Zeitgebers Free Run Circadian Rhythm Time Zone Adjustment Strategies for Delaying or Preventing the Onset of Hypovigilance Sleep Hygiene Use of Sleep Inducing Drugs Introduction Symptom of Fatigue Effects of Fatigue Strategies for Delaying or Preventing Fatigue Inducers • Introduction • Advantages and Disadvantages of Automation Methods to Overcome Disadvantages of Automation • Existing Automation Philosophies. Airbus Boeing Mac Donnell Douglass • Automation Complacency Main Weakness in Monitoring Automation Systems ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Action to Counteract Ineffective Monitoring of Automated Systems • Working Concepts Influences and Disadvantages of Automation on Crew The Role of Automation with Respect to Flight Safety Flight Deck Management • Safety Situational Awareness • Multi Crew Co-ordination • Standard Operation Procedure (Stop's) Crew Briefing Check List • Co-operation Group Dynamics Group Decision Synergy • Factors Affecting Group Behaviour Different Role Patterns Leadership and Management Style Blake and Moutons Theory • Communication • Professional Language Implicit and Explicit Communication Inadequate Communication on the Flight Deck Intra and Inter Personal Conflict • Good Communication Avoids Conflict Non Verbal Communication Communication Barriers • Conflict Management Principles of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System
- Ground Proximity Warning System
- Standard Operating Procedures
- Checklists
- Briefings
- Training, etc.
13.
METEOROLOGY
• Definition of the atmosphere • Composition of atmosphere • Properties of the atmosphere • Layers of the atmosphere • International standard atmosphere • Definition of the temperature • Unit of Measurement • Transfer of Heat • Application of the above processes to the Heating of the Atmosphere • Water Vapour in the Atmosphere • Condensation • Absolute Humidity • Relative Humidity • Diurnal Variations • Dew Point Temperature • Wet Bulb Temperature • Super cooling • Measurement of Relative Humidity Atmospheric Pressure and Air Density • Atmospheric Pressure -Definition -Units of Pressure -Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure -Mean Sea Level (MSL) Pressure -Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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-Variation of Pressure with Height -Constant Pressure Chart -Isallobars -Altimetry • Atmospheric Density: -Interrelationship between pressure, temperature and density. .Distribution of the air density in the atmosphere .Effect of humidity on the density of air • Measurement of winds • Relationship between Wind and Pressure • Basic Cause of air Movement and Forces affecting its Movement • The Geostrophic Wind • The Gradient Wind • Effect of Friction on Surface Wind • Change of Wind Direction • Diurnal Variation of Surface Wind • Local Variation of Winds with Topography Windshear and Turbulence • Definition and types of turbulence • Obstruction to wind flow • Turbulence Reporting Criteria • Effects of Low level wind shear • Wake Turbulence • Thermal Wind and Jet Stream Atmospheric Stability • Adiabatic Temperature Changes. • Stability And Instability of the Atmosphere • Characteristics of Stable and Unstable Air Masses Clouds Formation and Precipitation • Cloud Formation • International Nomenclature and Classification of Cloud Types • Turbulence Cloud • Convective Cloud • Orographic Cloud • Slow, Widespread Ascent (Frontal Uplift) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Convergence Cloud • Precipitation • The Ice Particle Theory • The Coalescence Process • Clouds Associated with Different Types of Precipitation • Requirements for Thunderstorm Development • Types and Characteristics of Thunderstorm • Structure of Thunderstorms • Surface Weather Changes due to Thunderstorms • Effects of Thunderstorms on Flight • Thunderstorm Avoidance • Development and Effects of Microbursts Ice Accretion on Aircraft • Ice Formation • Icing and Cloud Types • Factors Affecting the Amount of Icing • Forms of Icing • Piston Engine Icing • Effect of Mountains (Orographic Lift) on Icing Situation • Airframe Icing Report • ICAO Recommended Action on Degree/ Intensity of Icing Visibility and Fog • Runway Visual Range (RVR) • Visibility Problem During Take-off and Landing • Vertical Visibility • Causes of Reduced Visibility • Fog Mist and Haze and Their Differences • Types of Fog • Classification of Air Masses • Air Masses Affecting UK • Structure and Characteristics ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Weather with the Passage of a Polar Front Depression • Occluded Fronts or Occlusions • Pressure Patterns and Associated Weather Tropical Weather (West Africa) • Air Masses over West Africa • Wind over West Africa • Associated Weather Zones over West Africa • The Little Dry Season ‘or' August Break • Weather Systems METEOROLOGY PRACTICAL
Weather Map or Surface synoptic Charts. • The general features of a synoptic Chart. Station Layout Interpretation of codes used on weather Chart - Pressure - humidity - temperature - visibility Interpretation of symbols used on weather Charts - safety word - cloud - present weather • Forecasting winds at 2000 FE and movement of fronts and depressions. Wind at 2000 ft Movement of fronts and depression - Cold front movement - warm front movement - occluded front movement - movement of depression - calculation of freezing level Aerodrome reports • METAR and SPECI codes • Decoding of meter and TAF • In flight in formation - VOLMET broad cast (excluding CAVOK reports) - SIGMET VHF broadcast - Inflight responsibilities • Flight document - Significant • Weather and spot wind charts ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Low level flight information (LAP FORINS 214 and 215) Interpretation of Spot and Significant Weather Chart • Low level flight information (LAP FORM 214 and 215) -Forecast chart (LAP FORM 214 and 215) .Tabular forecast chart .Warnings and remarks • Spot wind charts (LAP FORM 214) Interpretation and Use Of RAFC Frankfurt Charts. -Significant weather, tropopause/max wind charts -Upper winds and temperature charts. AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
History of aviation law & the Chicago convention • The Chicago Convention • Territorial Airspace • Freedoms of the Air • Aims and Objectives of ICAO • Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) • ICAO Annexes Personnel licensing • Licensing and Ratings • Licensing Requirements and Regulations • Ratings are Parts of Licenses • Licenses of Members of Flight Crew • Grant or Renewal of Licenses to Members of Flight Crew • Validation of Licenses • Instruction in Flying • Personal Flying Log Book • Particulars to be Written in Log Books Registration and marking of aircraft • Registration and Marking of Aircraft • Aircraft to be Registered • Nationality and Registration Marks • Categories of aircraft Airworthiness and equipment of aircraft • Airworthiness and Equipment of Aircraft • Certificate of Airworthiness • Certificate of Maintenance and Compliance • Equipment of Aircraft ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Radio Equipment of Aircraft Operation of aircraft • Operation of Aircraft • Public Transport –Operators' Responsibilities • Operations Manual for Public Transport • Loading of Public Transport Aircraft • Duties of Commander • Operations of Radio in Aircraft • Towing, Carriage of Persons, • Exits and Break-in Markings • Minimum Weather Conditions • Fatigue of Flight Crew • Limits and record of flight times, flying duty period and rest periods • Maximum flying duty periods • Minimum rest periods Aircraft documents • Carriage of Documents • Production/Preservation/Revocation/ • Suspension of Documents • Offenses in Relation to Documents Rules of the air and air traffic services • Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Service • Application of the Rules of the Air • General Flight Rules - Visual Flight Rules - Instrument Flight Rule • Air Traffic Control Service/ATC • Flight Information Service Air routes, airways, and aerodromes • Air Routes, Airways, and Aerodromes etc • Air Routes and Airways • Advisory Routes and FIRS • Conditions of Movement Areas and Related Facilities • Visual Aids for Navigation, Denoting Obstacles • Restricted Use of Areas • Flights on Airways: Joining and crossing of airways ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Separation standards • Separation Standards • Vertical Separation • Horizontal Separation - Lateral/Longitudinal Separation - Radar Separation ATS flight plans • ATS Flight Plans • When to File a Flight Plan • Flight Plan at Departure Aerodrome • Air Borne Flight Plan • Messages on the AFTN • Departure, Delay, Cancellation, Arrival - Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Altimeter setting procedures • Altimeter Setting Procedures • Flight Separation • Terrain Clearance • Definitions and General Information • Transition Altitude -Transition Layer, Transition Level, Flight Level Investigation of Accidents • Investigation of Accidents • Notification of Accidents • Access to and Removal of Damage Aircraft • Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Search and Rescue and Meteorology • Search and Rescue • Meteorological Offices • Types of Services provided • Aircraft Meteorological Observations and Reports OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
i. ICAO Annex 6 (A) • Introduction • Compliance with the Law • Operational Control ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Alternate Aerodromes • Flight Safety and Accident Prevention • Maintenance Release • Lighting of Aircraft • Navigation Lights ii. General Operations Requirements • Basic Requirement • Common Language • Quality System • Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Prog. • Additional Crew Members • Carriage of Persons • Crew Responsibilities of the P.I.C. • Authority of the Commander • Admission to the Flight Deck • Unauthorized Carriage • Portable Electronic Devices • Drugs and Alcohol • Endangering Safety • Documents to be Carried • Manuals to be Carried • Additional Information and Forms to be Carried • Information to be Retained n the Ground • Power to Inspect • Production and Preservation of Documents and • Leasing of Aeroplanes iii. ICAO Annex 6 (B) • Establishment of Procedures • Performance and Operating Limitations - Mass Limitations, Take-off - Enroute – One Power Units in Operative - Enroute – Two Power Unit in Operative - Landing - Aeroplane Performance Operating Limitations - Use of Air Traffic Control - Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator - Planning Minima for the IFR Flights ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Meteorological Conditions - Approach and Landing Conditions - Aerodrome Operating Minima - Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures - Noise Abatement Procedures - Routes and Area Operation, RVSM Operations - Twin Engine Operations without ETOPS approval - Determination of one Engine Inoperative Cruise Speed - Extended Range Operations with Twin Engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS) - Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes - Fuel Policing - Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMS) - Carriage of Inadmissible Passenger, Deportees or Persons in Custody - Stowage of Baggage and Cargo, Seating of Passengers, Passenger Briefing, Flight Preparation - ATS Flight Plan - Refueling and De-fuelling - Crew Members at Duty Status - Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses - Smoking - Ice and other Contaminants - Use of Supplemental Oxygen - Ground Proximity Detection - Occurrence Reporting iv. All Weather Operations • Introduction • Aerodrome Operating minima: Operators • Responsibilities • Classification of Aeroplanes • Low Visibility Operations – General Operating • Terminology, Take off Minima • Visual Reference, Required RVR/Visibility • Low Visibility OPS: Aerodrome Considerations • Low Visibility OPS: Training and Qualifications • Low Visibility OPS: Operating Procedures • Low Visibility OPS: Minimum Equipment • System Minima, Non Precision Approach ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Minimum Descent Height • Visual Reference, Required RVR • Precision Approach – Category I Operations • Precision Approach – Category II Operations • Precision Approach – Category III Operations • No Decision Height Operations • Visual Reference, Category III RVR Requirements • Circling, Visual Approach • VFR Operating Minima, Special VFR v. Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments • Introduction • Basic Requirements • Internal Doors and Curtains • First Aid Kits • Hand-held Fire Extinguishers Locations • Break-in Markings • Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs) (a) Data Recorded (b) CVRs – Operations, Construction and Installation. • Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) • Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules • Single Pilot IFR Operations • Altitude Alerting System • Stand By Horizon, Aeroplane Lighting • Flights Over Water, Long Range Flights • Remote Areas, Weather Radar • Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions • Radiation Monitoring Indicator, Machmeter • Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) • Terrain Awareness Warning Systems (TAWS) • Communications Equipment, • Internal Communications • Audio Selector Panel (ASP), • Navigation Equipment, Instrument Procedures • Installation, Electrical Circuit Fusing • Windshield Wipers • Emergency and Survival Equipment • Items Not Requiring Approval • Seats and Harnesses • Fasten Seat Belts and No-Smoking Signs • Carriage and use of Supplemental Oxygen ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crow Bars • Mega Phones, Emergency Lighting • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) • Survival Equipment vi. Crew Logs and Records • Crew Composition • Relief of the Commander • Relief of the Co-pilot • System Panel Operator • Relief of System Panel Operator • Minimum flight Crew for Operations Under IFR • Conversion, Training and Checking • Conversion Training • Difference and Familiarization Training • Recurrent Training and Checking • Operator Proficiency Check • Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and • CRM Training • Ground and Refresher Training • Pilot Qualifications to Operate in either • Recent Experience • Route and Aerodrome Qualification for • Commander of PF • Route Competence, Aerodrome Competence • Operations on more than one Type or Variant • Operations and Aeroplanes and Helicopters • Training Records, Cabin Crew, Journey Log • Operational Flight Plan, Storage Period • Flight and Duty Time Limitations vii. Special Operational Procedures and Hazards • Operating Procedures • Aeroplane Operating Matters – Type Related • Minimum Equipment List (MEL) • Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) • MEL – Operators Responsibility ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• MEL – Commanders • Ground De-icing and Anti-icing • The Clean Aircraft Concept • The Anti-Ice Code • Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance • Hazard to Aeroplanes • Bird Strike Report • Noise Abatement viii. Fire and Smoke • Fire and Smoke • Fire in the Aeroplane • Hand Held Fire Extinguishers • Automatic Toilet Fire Extinguishers • Fire Detection Systems • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crowbars • Over-heated Brakes ix. Pressurization Failure A. Pressurization Failure - Minimum requirements for supplementary oxygen to be supplied in pressurised aeroplanes during and following an emergency descent - Differences between slow and rapid or explosive decompression - Detection of slow decompression or automatic pressurisation system failure - Effects on aircraft occupants of slow, rapid or explosive decompression - Actions required following slow, rapid or explosive decompression x. Windshear and Microburst Windshear and Microburst - Low altitude windshear - Vertical windshear - Horizontal windshear - Up and down draught windshear - Meteorological phenomena associated with windshear - Most likely locations for windshear encounters associated with the aircraft in relation to: Cb/Ts Weather fronts Inversions Hills and structures ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Effects of and actions required following an abrupt decrease in headwind component, or increase in tailwind component whilst making an approach to land - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt increase in headwind component or decrease in tailwind component during a departure - Effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraught windshear - Microburst and its effects xi. Wake Turbulence • Wake Turbulence - Creation of wake turbulence - Tip vortices circulation - When vortex generation begins and ends - Vortex circulation on the ground with and without crosswind - 3 main factors which combine to give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow) - Wind conditions which are worst for wake turbulence near the ground - Comparison between aeroplane and helicopter vortex generation (helicopter vortices more intense per kg of gross mass) - ICAO wake turbulence aircraft categories according to maximum certificated take off mass - Wake turbulence separation Landing: minimum separation for landing Medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium or heavy Full runway take off Minimum separation for take-off for a: Light or medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium Using: (a) The same runway (b) Parallel runways separated by less than 760m (c) Crossing or parallel runways when the projected flight path of the second aircraft crossed the first at the same level or within 1000ft lower Intermediate take off Minimum separation to be applied when aircraft are using a runway with a displaced landing threshold for: (a) A departing Light or Medium following a Heavy arrival and a departing Light following a Medium arrival (b) An arriving Light or Medium following a Heavy departure and an arriving Light following a medium departure if the projected flight paths cross ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Opposite direction Minimum separation for (a) A Light or Medium taking off or landing after a Heavy which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction, or (b) A Light taking-off or landing after a Medium which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction (the same criteria apply on parallel runways separated by less than 760m) xii. Security A. Security in Civil Aviation - Responsibilities of the operator concerning: Training programmes Reporting acts of unlawful interference Aeroplane search procedures - Responsibility of the commander concerning reporting requirements following an act of unlawful Interference - Unlawful interference (in flight procedures) Commander's responsibilities concerning: (a) Notifying the appropriate ATS unit (b) Operation of SSR (c) Departing from assigned track and/or (d) Selection of cruising level (if no applicable regional procedures have been established) (e) Action required on being requested by an ATS unit to confirm SSR code and ATS interpretation response - Different measures to be taken by the State in which the unlawful interference occurs - Flight-deck door characteristics of a transport passenger aeroplane (JAR-OPS) - Persons permitted to carry weapons on board an aircraft and in which circumstances - Procedure to be followed in the case of a bomb on board an aircraft xiii. Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Precautionary Landing • Passenger Briefing ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Actions and responsibilities of crew members after landing. xiv. Fuel Jettison • Fuel Jettison • Jettison System Certification • Legal requirements governing the jettisoning of fuel • Jettisoning Procedure - ATC, altitude/location, monitoring flow • Safety precautions when jettisoning fuel concerning (smoking, HF radio, electrics, flight pattern, operation of flaps/slots/slats, weather conditions) xv. Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Technical Instructions • Labeling and Packaging • Loading Restrictions • Provision of Information • Accident and Incident Reporting • Hazard Classes of Dangerous Goods • Dangerous Goods that may be carried by • Passengers or Crew xvi. Safety and Emergency Procedures • In-flight Medical Emergencies • Roles of a First Aider • First Aid treatment • Medical Emergencies • Death onboard xvii. Contaminated Runway • Contaminated Runway ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Contaminant Dept Limitations • Aqua Planning (Hydroplaning) • Breaking Action • Co-efficient of Friction • Performance Considerations • Snow tam Breaking Information xviii. Aeronautical Documentation • Aeronautical Documentation Introduction • Responsibilities and Functions • Exchange of Aeronautical Information • Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) • Specification for AIP Supplements • Specification for AIP Amendments • NOTAMS - Origination - General Specifications - Distribution - SNOWTAM • Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) - Regulated System • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) - Origination - General Specifications • Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Information xix. Aeronautical Codes and Abbreviations • Introduction • Principle for formulation of abbreviations • Specifications governing the use of abbreviations • Implementation • Notification of Differences • Editorial Presentation • Abbreviations and terms used in radiotelephony transmission xx. Application of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Checklists - Briefings - Training, etc. xxi. Altimeter Setting Procedures • Introduction - Systems of Flight Levels - Transition Altitude (TA) - Transition Level (TL) - Transition from Flight Levels to Altitudes and vice-versa • Take-off and climb - Vertical Separation - Terrain Clearance • Approach and Landing xxii. Passenger Safety Briefing, Embarking and Disembarking Procedures • Boarding Announcement - Welcome and Flight Information - Departure/Demo - After Take-Off/Turbulence - Descent/Arrival - In-flight passenger briefing ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• General Boarding Procedures - General passenger boarding - Unaccompanied minors - Transportation of passengers with disabilities - Multiple occupancy of seats - Seat duplications - Carriage of stretcher patients - Cabin baggage (carry-on luggage) - Stowage of cabin baggage - Child restraint systems (CRS) - Pets • Passenger Disembarkation Procedures - Disembarkation - Post flight procedures Security Checks: Flight Deck, Galley, Bin, Seats, Seat Pockets, Toilets, Floor Emergency Equipment Stowage ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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CHAPTER THREE
STANDARD PILOT COURSE
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METEOROLOGY
The Earth's Atmosphere • Composition; • International Standard atmosphere • Introduction • Units of Measurement • Transfer of Heat • Effect of Water and Land on Heating of the Atmosphere • Diurnal Variation of Air Temperature • Factors Affecting the Daily Range of our Temperature • Variation of Temperature with Height • Temperature Deviation • Effect of Temperature on Flight • Introduction • States of Water • Terms used for Humidity Measurement • Diurnal Variation of Humidity • Measurement of Humidity • Effect of Humidity in Aircraft Operations Atmospheric Pressure • Introduction • Units of Pressure • Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure Data • Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure Gradient • Variation of Pressure with Height • Effects of Atmosphere Pressure on Flight ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Variation of air density at the surface and with height - Altitude effect - Latitude effect • Factors affecting air density - Pressure - Temperature - Humidity • Aircraft performance and density • Introduction • Altimeter Errors • Altimeter Settings • Altimeter Height Indications • Definition of Wind • Wind Direction Speed • Measurement of Wind • Relationship Between Wind and Pressure • Force Producing Wind in a Force Atmosphere • Geotropic Wind • Gradient Wind • Effect of Friction on Surface Wind • Change in Wind Direction • Diurnal Variation of Surface Wind Effects of Wind on Flight Operations • Definition of Winds hear • Main Causes of Wind shear • Wind shear Warnings and Reporting • Definition of Turbulence • Turbulence Intensity and Classification • Types of Turbulence • Action to avoid Worst Effects of Mountain Wave • Summary of the Hazards of Turbulence • Wind shear and Turbulence ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Air in Vertical Motion and Atmospheric Stability o Air in Vertical Motion • Adiabatic Temperature Changes • Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate • Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate o Atmospheric Stability • Stable Atmosphere • Unstable Atmosphere • Conditional Unstable Atmosphere • Some Characteristics of a Stable and Unstable Air Masses Cloud Formation and Precipitation • Definition of Cloud • Cloud Formation • Cloud Classification • Cloud Amount • Cloud Base and Measurement of Cloud • Definition of Precipitation • Types of Precipitation • Precipitation and Flight Operations • Definition of Thunderstorm • Conditions for Thunderstorm Development • Types of Thunderstorm • Life Cycle of Thunderstorm • Weather Hazards associated with Thunderstorms Visibility and Fog • Definition of Visibility • Runway Visual Range • Visibility Problems During Takeoff and Landing • Causes of Reduced Visibility • Definition of Fog Mist and Haze and Their Differences • Types of Fog • Summary of Visibility Effects ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Air Masses and Fronts • Definition of an Air Mass • Source Region of Air Masses • Air Mass Modification • The International Discontinuity (ITD) • Air Masses Over West Africa • Weather Zones Over West Africa • Definition of a Front • Types/Structure of Fronts • Warm and Cold Sectors • Types of Occlusion • Weather Associated with Pressure Systems Aerodrome Weather Reports (Metar and TAF) o Metar and Speci Codes • Metar Code Definition • Speci Code: Definition • Format for Reporting Metar/Speci Elements and Code • Definition of TAF • Types of TAF • Major Difference Between METAR and TAF • Sequence for Reporting TAF Elements and its Interpretation In Flight Weather Advisories • Introduction • Aerodrome Warnings ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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2. NAVIGATION GENERAL
o Form of the Earth • Shape of the Earth, Cardinal Points • Circles( Great circle, Small circle) • Meridians, Rhumb line • Units of Distance, Angular and Distance measurement. o Position on the Earth • Co-ordinates and axes. • Latitude and Longitude. o Direction on the Earth • True North, Magnetic North, Compass North • Application of Variation and Deviation • Convergency and Conversion angle, Departure. o Chart Projections and Properties • Mercator Projection chart • Lambert Conformal Conic Projection Chart, Practical use of the 1:500,000(Lambert Chart) And the U.K. 1:250,000 topographical charts. • Orthomorphism. • Methods of indicating relief, chart symbols, principal ICAO • Measuring of Distance and Direction on : • Lambert Chart • ONC Navigation Charts (K & L series). • Track, Heading (true/magnetic/compass) • Variation and Deviation • Airspeed (IAS, Rectified Airspeed (RAS), TAS), Wind Velocity • Height and Altitude (Pressure and density) Use of CRP-5 Flight computer o Multiplication and Division. • Time, Speed, Distance calculations • Conversion of Units (Nm, Sm, Km, Imp gal, US gallon, litres) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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o Computation of : • TAS, True Altitude and Density Altitude. o Triangle of Velocities: • Vector triangle • Computation of: - True Heading and Groundspeed • Wind Velocity (Single and multiple drift methods • Track and Groundspeed • True Heading and True Air Speed (TAS) • Track Error (correction, interception and 1 -60 rule) o Fuel Computations • Fuel consumption Computation • Simple fuel Computation Flight Instruments Brief Introduction of: • Pressure Instruments (altimeter, Air speed indicator (ASI) , Vertical Speed indicator (VSI), Machmeter) • Gyroscopic Instruments (Artificial Horizon, Directional Gyro Indicator, Turn and Slip indicator) • Magnetic Compass (direct reading magnetic Compass, unreliability of compass indications during turns and acceleration, effect of metal objects placed in the vicinity of compass) Radio Navigation Brief Introduction of: • Radio theory ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS
• Introduction • Purpose and Scope of aerodynamics • General description of aircraft components Properties of air • Introduction • The Atmosphere • Effect of temperature, pressure, humidity and density and inter-relationships • The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) • Characteristics of air flow • Static and Dynamic • Continuity of flow, Bernoulli's theory • Venture tube, airflow over solid bodies, boundary layer Theory of flight • Introduction • Symmetrical profile • Types of Drags • Weight and Balance • Introduction to pressure and gyroscopic instruments Flight maneuvers • Introduction • Control axes • Straight and level flight, climb • Glide, turn, control column forces in maneuvers Aircraft stability • Introduction • Static and Dynamic Stability • Longitudinal stability • Lateral stability • Directional stability • Stability in level flight • Position of C.G. • Movement of CP • Tail plane design • Roll with yaw ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Spiral and oscillatory instability • Automatic stabilizers 4. PISTON ENGINE
Review of basic mechanics and physics concepts • Introduction • Definitions of terms Piston engines • Introduction • The "Otto" Cycle • Practical application of the "Otto" cycle. • Valve lead, lag and overlap • Typical cylinder arrangements Measurement of power • Power • Mechanical Efficiency • Relative Efficiency • Volumetric Efficiency • Temperature of the charge at the end of the induction stroke • Efficiency of scavenging • Induction Scope • Exhaust Stroke • Compression Ration Construction of engines • Introduction • Engine Components Ignition system • Introduction • Ignition switches Fuel system • Introduction ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Carburetion • Introduction • Carburetion principles • Accelerator Pumps • Idle Cut-off valve • Mixture control • Detonation and pre-ignition • Carburetor Icing • Impact Icing • Throttle Ice • Remedial actions • Types and effects of carburetor heating systems • Float type carburetor engines • Special features of piston aero engines Oil systems • Introduction • Properties of oil • Lubrication methods • Pumps, Sumps and filters • Recognition of oil system malfunction Cooling systems • Introduction • The purpose of cooling systems • Methods of cooling • Operations of the air cooling systems Propeller • Introduction • Control Speed Unit (CSU) • Variable Pitch Propeller Control • Propeller Safety Devices • Propeller Operations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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5. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS
General principles • Introduction • Relationship between potential difference, current and resistance • Conversion of energy Batteries and accumulators • Primary cell • Secondary cells • Grouping of cell into batteries • Capacity of batteries • Care & maintenance of accumulator batteries – grouping of batteries. Generators • Introduction • Electromagnetic Induction • Electromotive force • Alternating Current Generators • Direct Current Generators • Direct Current Generator System Architecture • Types of Generators • Generator Output • Factors affecting generator output • Associated Components • Single- Engine Aircraft DC Electrical Systems Generator components • Introduction • Voltage Regulators • Voltage Resistors • Battery Cut-out • Generator Warning Light • Generator Field Circuit • Breaker or Fuse • Generator Field Switch Aircraft electrical circuits • Introduction • Single Pole or Earth Return • Dipole or Double Pole • Series Connection • Parallel Connection ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Voltage Drop • Heating effect and Power loss • Circuit Faults Aircraft electrical components • Introduction • Wires and Cables • Sources of Supply • External Supply/socket • Auxiliary Power Units • Control of Current Flow • Measurement of Electricity • Circuit Protection • Conversion of Electrical Energy To Mechanical Energy • Conversion of Current A.C and D.C Bonding, static dischargers and screening • Introduction • Static Discharges • Dynamic Electricity 6. LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
Introduction • Introduction • Effects of incorrect loading Calculation of C of G position • By taking moment (resolution of forces) • By Trim sheet methods ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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7. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
Introduction • Performance classification • Safety standards • Aircraft description and limitation • Runway hazards Take-off • Standards and use of charts • Aerodrome Tests • Maximum Take-off weights • Adjustment for precipitation covered runway • Reverse thrust inoperative • Anti-skid inoperative • Increased V2 speed • Variable thrust
8. AIRCRAFT (TYPE)
Introduction • Introduction • Pilot knowledge Aeroplanes • Introduction • Engine operation • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) • Fuel systems • Flight controls • Automatic stabilization systems • Automatic Pilot and flight management systems • Pneumatic, pressure and vacuum systems • Landing gear • Electrical systems • Radio and radar systems • Air condition and pressurization systems • Ice and rain protection systems • Additional aspects ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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9. HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Fitness for Flight • Medical Certification • Pilot Personal Checklist Hypoxia • Introduction • Types of hypoxia • Signs and symptoms of hypoxia • Effects of hypoxia • Prevention and Treatment Dehydration • Introduction • Some common Signs and Symptoms of dehydration • Prevention of Dehydration Hyperventilation • Introduction • Effects of Hyperventilation • Some Common Signs and Symptoms of hyperventilation • Treatment for hyperventilation Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Introduction • Characteristics of Carbon Monoxide • Action to take when carbon monoxide is present. • The effects of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Decompress in Sickness after Scuba Diving • Introduction • Recommended Waiting Time ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Motion Sickness • Introduction • Actions to take when suffering from motion Sickness • Causes of Motion Sickness • Effects of Motion Sickness • Prevention /Treatment of Motion Sickness Sims and Ear block • The ear block and its effects • Actions to take when the Eustachian tube is blocked • Effects of ear block • Actions to be taken to prevent Sinus and middle ear – problems. Spatial Disorientation • Introduction • Causes of Spatial Disorientation • How to overcome the effects of Spatial Illusions in Flight o Introduction o Illusions Leading to Spatial Disorientation • Coriolis Illusion • Graveyard Spin • Graveyard Spiral • Somatograve Illusion • Inversion Illusion • Elevator Illusion • False Horizon • Size Distance Illusion • Reversible Perspective • Flicker Vertigo o Illusions Leading to Landing Errors • Runway with Illusion • Runway and Terrain Slope Illusion • Featureless terrain Illusion • Atmospheric Illusion • Ground Lighting Illusions Vision • Introduction • The Function of cones and rods ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• The unction of the fovea • Scanning of Objects Light (i) Dark Adaptation (ii) Light Adaptation • The Effect of good Vision on ones Physical Condition. Aeronautical Decision Making (ADM) o Definitions • ADM, Attitude, Attitude Management, Cockpit Resource Management, Head Work, Judgment • Personality, Poor Judgment Chain, Risk Elements, Situation Awareness, Skills and Procedures, Stress Management o The Decision Making Process • Introduction, Decision Making Steps • The Decide Model o Risk Management o Factors Affecting Decision Making o Operational Pitfalls • Dangerous Tendencies or Behaviors which must be eliminated, Peer Pressure, Mind Set, Get-there-its, Duck Under Syndrome, Scud Running, continuing VFR, Getting Behind the Aircraft, Loss of Positional or Situation Awareness, Operating Without Adequate Fuel Reserves, Descent below the minimum enroute altitude, Flying outside the envelope, Neglect of Flight Plan, Pre Flight Inspections, Checklists etc. o Hazardous Altitudes • Anti-Authority, Impulsiveness, Invulnerability • Macho Complex, Resignation, Antidotes for Hazardous Altitudes Stress and Flying • Stress and Stressors in Aviation • Effects of Stress • Handling Stress in Flying • Signs of Inadequate Coping • Life Stress Management • Cockpit Stress Management Principles of Threat and Error Management • Anticipated threats • Unexpected threats • Latent threats • Aircraft handling errors ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Procedural errors • Communication errors o Undesired aircraft states • Aircraft handling • Ground navigation • Incorrect aircraft configurations o Countermeasures • Airborne Collision Avoidance System • Ground Proximity Warning System • Standard Operating Procedures • Training, etc. Cockpit Resource Management • Introduction • Internal Resources • External Resources • Workload Management • Situation Awareness - Obstacles to understanding Situation Awareness • Conflict Resolution 10. AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
History of aviation law & the Chicago convention • The Chicago Convention • Territorial Airspace • Freedoms of the Air • Aims and Objectives of ICAO • Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) • ICAO Annexes Personnel licensing • Licensing and Ratings • Licensing Requirements and Regulations • Ratings are Parts of License • License of Members of Flight Crew ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Grant or Renewal of Licenses to Members of Flight Crew • Validation of Licenses • Instruction in Flying • Personal Flying Log Book • Particulars to be Written in Log Books Registration and marking of aircraft • Registration and Marking of Aircraft • Aircraft to be Registered • Nationality and Registration Marks • Categories of aircraft Airworthiness and equipment of aircraft • Airworthiness and Equipment of Aircraft • Certificate of Airworthiness • Certificate of Maintenance and Compliance • Equipment of Aircraft • Radio Equipment of Aircraft Operation of aircraft • Operation of Aircraft • Public Transport –Operators' Responsibilities • Operations Manual for Public Transport • Loading of Public Transport Aircraft • Duties of Commander • Operations of Radio in Aircraft • Towing, Carriage of Persons, • Exits and Break-in Markings • Minimum Weather Conditions • Fatigue of Flight Crew • Limits and record of flight times, flying duty period and rest periods • Maximum flying duty periods • Minimum rest periods Aircraft documents • Documents • Carriage of Documents • Production/ Preservation/Revocation/ • Suspension of Documents • Offenses in Relation to Documents Rules of the air and air traffic services • Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Service ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Application of the Rules of the Air • General Flight Rules - Visual Flight Rules - Instrument Flight Rules • Air Traffic Control Service/ATC Flight Information Service Air routes, airways, and aerodromes • Air Routes, Airways, and Aerodromes etc • Air Routes and Airways • Advisory Routes and FIRS • Conditions of Movement Areas and Related Facilities • Visual Aids for Navigation, Denoting Obstacles • Restricted Use of Areas • Flights on Airways: Joining and crossing of airways Separation standards • Separation Standards • Vertical Separation • Horizontal Separation - Lateral/Longitudinal Separation - Radar Separation ATS flight plans • ATS Flight Plans • When to File a Flight Plan • Flight Plan at Departure Aerodrome • Air Borne Flight Plan • Messages on the AFTN • Departure, Delay, Cancellation, Arrival - Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Altimeter setting procedures • Altimeter Setting Procedures • Flight Separation • Terrain Clearance • Definitions and General Information • Transition Altitude -Transition Layer, Transition Level, Flight Level Investigation of Accidents • Investigation of Accidents • Notification of Accidents • Access to and Removal of Damage Aircraft ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Search and Rescue and Meteorology • Search and Rescue • Meteorological Offices • Types of Services provided • Aircraft Meteorological Observations and Reports
11. AEROANUTICAL MOBILE SERVICES
Definitions • Definitions • Aeronautical Mobile Services • Related Services • Aeronautical Mobile Stations • Communication Methods License Requirements • License Requirements • General License • Restricted License • Supplementary Requirements Frequency Bands • Frequency Bands and Radio Aids Table • Bands Designation Frequency Wavelength and Bands • Types of Emission • Transmission with no modulation • Amplitude modulation General Rules • General Rules ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Rules Guiding Transmission of Time • Method of Transmission of Time Record of Communication I • Record of Communication • Hours of Service • Closing down of station • Test Signals Record of Communication II • Test Procedures • Reply to Direct Call • Readability Scale Categories of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Categories of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Priority of Aeronautical Mobile Service Messages • Code and signals • Flight Safety/Regularity Radiotelephony Techniques • Radiotelephony Techniques • Pronunciation • Words for numbers Spelling Alphabets • Spelling Alphabets • Latin Alphabet Representation Numbers and Dimensional Units • Numbers and Dimensional Units • Numeral Elements • Pronunciation • Conventional/Phonetic • Aircraft Call Signs ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Wind Direction/Speed • Flight Level/Heading • Transponder Codes • Altitude/Cloud Height • Altimeter Setting Telephony Procedures • Telephony Procedures • Rules Regarding Numbers • Decimal Point • Words and Phraseologies • Whole hundreds/thousands Transmission Techniques • Transmission Technique • Microphone Operation • General Precautions • Speed of Transmission Radiotelephony Call signs Procedures • Radiotelephony Call Signs • Service Available Aircraft Operating Agency Call Signs • Aircraft Operating Agency Call Signs • Nigerian Airlines Companies • International Airline Companies Aircraft Station Call Signs • Aircraft Station Call Sign • Full Call Sign • Un- Abbreviated ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 21
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Establishment of Radio Communication • Establishment of Communication • Initial Calling Procedures • General Calling Procedures • Inter Pilot Procedures Exchange of Communication • Exchange of Communication • Recommendation • Abbreviated Procedures • Shortened Form of Procedures • Acknowledgement of Receipt • Aircraft Acknowledge of Receipt • Station Denoting Accuracy of Receipt • Acknowledgement of Position Report • Acknowledgement of Correctness of Acknowledgement of Receipt by Aeronautical Station • Acknowledgement of Receipt by Aeronautical Station • When Transmitted by Aircraft Station • Aircraft Station Acknowledges • ATC Instructions • Altimeter Setting etc., through Read Back Corrections Repetitions and Selective Calling • Corrections Repetitions and Selective Calling • Phrases and Meaning • Selcal Procedures • Notification of Selcal Code • Selcal Check • Cancellation of Messages Procedures for Communication Failure • Procedures for Communication Failure • Receiver Failure • Ground to Air • Aircraft Station • Aeronautical Station • Notification of Communication Failure ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 22
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
Distress and Urgency Communication • Distress and Urgency Communication • Distress Signal • Urgency Signal • Distress and Urgency Traffic • Action by Aircraft in Distress • Action by all other Stations • Imposition of Silence • Termination of Distress Communication Copying Clearances and Instructions (for Pilots) • Copying Clearances and Instructions • Special Information • Holding Instructions • Departure Procedures • Abbreviations • Contractions FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
• Definition of flight planning • Reasons for flight planning • What flight planning consist of: planning the route, obtaining the weather forecast, chart preparation, completing the flight log, fuel calculations, weight & balance calculations, aeroplane performance calculations and submitting a flight plan • Personal equipments for flight planning • Definition of some terms Planning the route • Choosing the Route-Departure, Destination and Alternate aerodromes, appropriate to private operations under VFR • Weather considerations along the route • Airspace Considerations: controlled/regulated airspace, airspace restrictions, danger areas, etc. Use of AIP and NOTAMS, ATC liaison procedures in controlled/regulated airspace. ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 23
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
Chart and Flight log preparation • Chart Preparation- drawing tracks, dead-reckoning calculations, etc. • Alternate Aerodrome • En-route Safety Altitude Completing the flight log/The Fuel Plan • Completing the flight log – fuel calculations • The Fuel plan – fuel to destination, taxi and initial climb fuel, holding fuel, contingency fuel, diversion fuel and Minimum reserve fuel • Communication plan and radio/NAV aid Weight and Balance Calculations • This is covered under the subject: Weight and Balance • Review Weight limitations and Centre of Gravity Aeroplane Performance Calculations • This is covered under the subject: Aeroplane Performance • Review basic definitions in aeroplane performance Point of No Return (PNR or PSR) • Definition • Derivation of Point No Return formula • Application of Point No Return formula • Calculation of Point of No Return. Critical Point (CP or PET) • Definition • Derivation of Critical Point • Application of Critical Point formula • Calculation of Critical Point. Traffic Load Calculation • Definition • Weight Restrictions • Fuel Weights • Payload Formulae • Payload Calculation ATC Flight Plan/Submitting a VFR flight plan • Identification of Flight Plan Form. • Instructions for Completing the Flight Plan form. • Filling of Flight Plan Form ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 24
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OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
Flight Documents • Introduction • Documents that are to be carried on board in All flights • Documents that are to be kept on ground • Preservation of Documents • Leasing of Aircraft - Dry Lease - Wet Lease - Lease in - Lease out • Maintenance of Company Aeroplanes The Operations Manual • Introduction • Contents of the Operations Manual - Taxing of Aircraft • Minimum Equipment List • Master Minimum Equipment List • Procedures for Fuelling and Re-Fuelling of Aircrafts with Passengers Flight Preparation • Flight Preparation Forms (Documentation) • Operating Flight Planning - Alternate Aerodrome - Takeoff Alternate Aerodrome - Enroute Alternate - Destination Alternate • Passenger Briefings - Passenger Seat Belts - Smoking on Board Aeroplanes • Fueling and Re-fueling of Aircrafts with Passengers on Board. • Use and Supply of Oxygen - Types of Oxygen Bottles • Composition of Flight Crews and their Duties • Flight Proficiency Checks • Duties of Flight Dispatchers ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 25
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
Operational Planning • Introduction • Alternate Aerodromes - Take off Alternate - Destination Alternate • Criteria for route Selection • Extended Twin Engine Operations (ETOPS) • Performance Class A • Ditching Considerations • Landing Requirements • Minimum Time Routes • Commander (Piloting Command Considerations • Filing of ATS Flight Plan V. Aeronautical Documentation • Aeronautical Documentation Introduction • Responsibilities and Functions • Exchange of Aeronautical Information • Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) • Specification for AIP Supplements • Specification for AIP Amendments - Origination - General Specifications - Distribution - SNOWTAM • Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) - Regulated System • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) - Origination - General Specifications • Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Information vi. Aeronautical Codes And Abbreviations • Introduction • Principle for formulation of abbreviations • Specifications governing the use of abbreviations • Implementation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 26
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Notification of Differences • Editorial Presentation • Abbreviations and terms used in radiotelephony transmission vii. Application of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Training, etc. Altimeter Setting Procedures • Introduction o Systems of Flight Levels o Transition Altitude (TA) o Transition Level (TL) o Transition from Flight Levels to Altitudes and vice-versa • Take-off and climb o Vertical Separation o Terrain Clearance • Approach and Landing Emergency and Precautionary Landing • Emergency and Precautionary Landings ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 27
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Precautionary Landing • Passenger Briefing • Actions and responsibilities of crew members Special Operational Procedures and Hazards • Operating Procedures • Aeroplane Operating Matters – Type Related • Minimum Equipment List (MEL) • Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) • MEL – Operators Responsibility • MEL – Commanders • Ground De-icing and Anti-icing • The Clean Aircraft Concept • The Anti-Ice Code • Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance • Hazard to Aeroplanes • Bird Strike Report • Noise Abatement • Fire and Smoke • Fire in the Aeroplane • Hand Held Fire Extinguishers • Automatic Toilet Fire Extinguishers • Fire Detection Systems • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crowbars • Over-heated Brakes ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 28
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
Wind shear and Microburst A. Windshear - Low altitude windshear - Vertical windshear - Horizontal windshear - Up and down draught windshear - Meteorological phenomena associated with windshear - Most likely locations for windshear encounters associated with the aircraft in relation to: Cb/Ts Weather fronts Inversions Hills and structures - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt decrease in headwind component, or increase in tailwind component whilst making an approach to land - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt increase in headwind component or decrease in tailwind component during a departure - Effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraught windshear B. Microburst - Microburst and its effects • Wake Turbulence - Creation of wake turbulence - Tip vortices circulation - When vortex generation begins and ends - Vortex circulation on the ground with and without crosswind - 3 main factors which combine to give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow) - Wind conditions which are worst for wake turbulence near the ground - Comparison between aeroplane and helicopter vortex generation (helicopter vortices more intense per kg of gross mass) - ICAO wake turbulence aircraft categories according to maximum certificated take off mass - Wake turbulence separation Landing: minimum separation for landing Medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium or heavy Full runway take off Minimum separation for take-off for a: Light or medium behind a heavy ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 29
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Light behind a medium (a) The same runway (b) Parallel runways separated by less than 760m (c) Crossing or parallel runways when the projected flight path of the second aircraft crossed the first at the same level or within 1000ft lower Intermediate take off Minimum separation to be applied when aircraft are using a runway with a displaced landing threshold for: (a) A departing Light or Medium following a Heavy arrival and a departing Light following a Medium arrival (b) An arriving Light or Medium following a Heavy departure and an arriving Light following a medium departure if the projected flight paths cross Opposite direction Minimum separation for (a) A Light or Medium taking off or landing after a Heavy which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction, or (b) A Light taking-off or landing after a Medium which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction (the same criteria apply on parallel runways separated by less than 760m) Contaminated Runway A. Contaminated Runway B. Damp Runway C. Wet Runway D. Dry Runway E. Contaminant Dept Limitations F. Aqua Planning (Hydroplaning) G. Breaking Action H. Co-efficient of Friction I. Performance Considerations J. Snow tam Breaking Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 30
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING
Flight plans for cross country flight • Terrain and obstacle clearance • Cruising levels • Navigation check points, visual/radio • Measurement of tracks and distances • Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg • Computation of headings, ground speeds and times en-route from tracks, true airspeeds and wind velocities • Use of wind component, tables for drifts and ground speeds • Completion of navigation flight plan Fuel plan • Computation of planned flue usage for each leg and total for the • Flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb, cruise and descent. Mid-weights / instantaneous weights. • Navigation plan for times enroute • Fuel for holding/diversion to alternate • Take off weight • Landing weight • Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log Flight monitoring and in–flight re-planning • Recording of fuel quantities, recalculation at navigational check points, flight progress charts. • Calculation of actual rate of consumption • Comparison of actual planned fuel consumption and fuel state • Revision of PNR/CP • Revision of fuel reserves • Re-planning for new destination in case of problems: cruise altitude selection, fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves. Radio communications and navigation aids • Communication frequencies/call signs for appropriate control agencies and inflight service facilities, weather stations • Navigation/approach aids: type, frequency, ident Air traffic flight plan ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 31
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• CA 48 flight plan • ICAO flight plan • Information included: sources, including operators records for basic • Repetitive flight plan • Completion of plan Practical flight planning • Checking AIPs and NOTAMS • Selection of altitudes/flight levels • Plotting tracks, measuring directions & distances • Taking tracks and distances from prepared charts • Determining TAS including calculation of temperature deviation from • Applying Wind Velocity to obtain headings and ground speeds • Leg and total enroute times • Fuel consumption rate, each leg • Fuel required, each leg, including climb and descent • Fuel remaining at end of each leg • Aircraft weight at end of each leg, including landing weight • Fuel for missed approach/climb/cruise to alternate • Reserve fuel requirement • Total fuel required Use of radio navigation charts (inside and outside controlled airspace)
• Frequencies/callsigns/designators of ATC agencies
• Determination of ATC frequencies to be used • Frequencies/identifiers of navigation aids • Preferred route • Choice of routes • Minimum enroute/minimum crossing/minimum reception altitudes • MORA/safe clearance altitude • Selection of flight levels • Determination of tracks and distances • Selection of alternates • Interpretation and use of other information on radio navigation • SIDs and STARs (Standard Instrument Departures and Standard Arrival ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 32
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2. NAVIGATION GENERAL
The Earth • Form Of The Earth • Position On Earth • Direction On Earth • Distance On Earth The Triangle of Velocities • Vectors Solution • Computer Solution • Solution Of Multi-Drift • Use Of Navigational Computer For Fuel Conversions • Solutions Of Fuel Problems Pilot Navigation • The One In Sixty Rule • Returning To The Track • Double Track Error Angle Method • Track Error Angle And Closing Angle • ETA Revision • Mercator And Lambert Conformal Conic Projection • Orthomorphism • Convergency And Conversion Angle • Representation Of Meridians, Parallels,Great Circles And Rhomb Lines • Plotting Positions And Bearings • Measuring Tracks And Distances • Methods Of Indicating Scale Relief • Conventional Signs Time And Time Conversions • Change Of Time With Longitude ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 33
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• LMT, UTC, ST And Conversion From One To The Other Determining Time Of Sunrise, Sunset and Civil Twilight At Sea Level, Using Air Almanac Extracts • Air Position, Ground Position, DR Position • Measurement Of Track And Distance • Assessment Of Variation • Practical Operational Range And Usability of Charted Facilities • Solving The Triangle Of Velocities • Plotting Of Position Lines • Calculation Of Actual Track And Ground Speed • Maintaining A Flight Log AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS
Air Data Sources • Pitot & Static Systems • Static Source • Combine pressure Head • Errors and Faults • Alternative Static Source • Errors normally associated with alternative vent Air Temperature Measurement • Types of Thermometers used in Aircraft • Ram Air Temperature • Corrected Outside Air Temperature Errors • Relationship between pressure & Height • Principles of operation • Construction of sensitive & servo Altimeters • Height encoding • Subscale setting procedures • Standard Setting: QFE, QNE, QNH • Presentation & Interpretation • Corrections & Tolerances Airspeed Indicator • Principles of operation & Construction ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 34
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Ram Air & Dynamic Pressures • Compressibility • Speed Terms: IAS, RAS,EAS, TAS • Presentation & Interpretation of Airspeed Indicator • Uses of the coloured arcs • Errors & corrections • Conversion of IAS to TAS Vertical Speed Indicator • Principles • Presentation • Errors and Limitations • Instantaneous VSI (IVSI) • Advantages of IVSI over the conventional VSI Mach Meter • Principles of operation & Construction • Significance of Mach Number • Mach number formula • Measurement of Mach Number as a ratio of pressures • Presentation, Interpretation & use Gyroscopic Principles • Introduction • Rigidity in space • Factors Affecting rates of precession • Construction & Principle of different types of gyros Directional Gyro Indicator • Introduction • Principles of operation & Construction • Calculations of Drifts • Set & re-set Slaved Gyro Compass • Principles of operation & Construction • Principle of the flux valve • Transmission System • Slaving System ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 35
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Output data, uses and applications • Pre-flight checks Artificial Horizon • Principles of operation & Construction • Remote Vertical Gyro • Types of Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations • Output data, uses & applications Turn and Balance Indicator • Construction & Principles of operation • Display Types & Interpretation • Errors and limitations • Output data, uses & applications Turn Co-ordinator • Principles of operation • Construction • Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations Terrestrial Magnetism • Earth's Magnetic Field • H & Z Components of Earth's Total field • Magnetic Latitude • Directive & Deflective forces • Magnetic dip & Magnetic variation Aircraft Magnetism • Permeability of materials • Hard & Soft iron magnetism • Aircraft magnetic field • Effects of Aircraft magnetic field on Directive force • Compass Deviation • Change of Deviation with heading • Change of Deviation with magnetic latitude Direct Reading Magnetic Compass • Principles of construction of a typical compass • Errors & Limitations • Serviceability Tests • The Deviation Card • Characteristics of Compass Liquid ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 36
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• Compass Swing Area Navigation Systems • Typical Flight Deck Equipment • Input sources & uses • Crew interface • Interpretation, Checking & updating Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) • Information Display Types • Block Diagrammatic Data input • Interpretation • Uses of Information Flight Management System • General function and Principles • Inputs and outputs • Applications Flight Director • Functions and Display • Block Diagram • Components and Display • Mode of operation • Limitations & Operational restrictions Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) • Function & Application • Modes of operation • Operational Restrictions
4. RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS
Basic Radio Theory • Electromagnetic Radiation • Sine wave Theory • Wave terminology • Basic Radio Frequency (RF) Transmission • Antennae Characteristics • Modulation of Radio waves • Modes of wave propagation • Radio Communication VHF Ground Direction Finder ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 37
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• Coverage and range • Classification of Bearing Accuracy • Factors Affecting Ranging & Accuracy • Principles of operation • Coverage & Range • Presentation and Interpretation of RBI & RMI • ADF Navigation • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Errors & Accuracy VOR • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting VOR Range • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR CDI • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR RMI • Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Doppler VOR (DVOR) • Errors and Accuracy Instrument Landing System • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting ILS Range • ILS Localizer • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Localizer • ILS Glidepath • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Glidepath • Marker Beacons • ILS Categories • Errors and Accuracy Microwave Landing System • Principles • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting MLS Range & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation of MLS Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 38
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• Introduction • Primary & Secondary Radars • Advantages/Disadvantages of Primary & Secondary Radars • Radar Applications • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Pulse Techniques Distance Measuring Equipment • Principles • Coverage and Range • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Frequency Pairing Area Navigation • Principles of operation • Advantages & Disadvantages • Accuracy, Reliability & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation Secondary Surveillance Radar • Introduction • Uses of SSR Equipment Modes • Standard SSR Codes • Presentation & Interpretation Ground Radar • Principles • Coverage & Range • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy Airborne Weather Radar • Coverage & Range • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Cloud Height Ground Proximity Warning System • Principles of operation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Errors and Accuracy • Alerts and Warnings OMEGA & VLF • Principles of operation • Derivation of Position Line • Ground Station Locations • Advantages & Disadvantages • Errors and Factors Affecting Accuracy • Reliability, Range and Coverage • Presentation of Information & Flight Deck Equipment Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System • Principles of operation • Presentation & interpretation of Information Global Positioning System • Introduction • Principles of operation • Segments of GPS System • System Limitations • GPS Coverage 5. AIRCRAFT (TYPE)
Introduction • Introduction • Pilot knowledge Aeroplanes • Introduction • Engine operation • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) • Fuel systems • Flight controls • Automatic stabilization systems • Automatic Pilot and flight management systems • Pneumatic, pressure and vacuum systems • Landing gear ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Electrical systems • Radio and radar systems • Air condition and pressurization systems • Ice and rain protection systems • Additional aspects 6. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
• Introduction • Runway Distances TORA TORR TODA TODR ASDA EDR Stopway Clearway • Runway Slope Runway Gradient (%) and Surface Environmental Envelope Wind • Unit of Pressure • Variation of Sea Level Pressure • Calculating Pressure height • Air temperature decreases with height • Air density varies with temperature Normal take-off weight analysis with no obstacles and v speeds • Steps in using CAP385 • Engine Limitations TOGA TOGA Maximum Continuous Thrust Climb • Take-Off Thrust Limitations Effects on Aerodynamics Effects on Engines • Introduction ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 41
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Take off speeds Vd Design Dive Speed VNE Never–Exceed Speed VNO Maximum Normal Operations Speed or Maximum Structural VA Design Maneuvering Speed VB Design Speed for Maximum Gust Intensity or Turbulence Penetration Speed VFO Maximum Speed for Flap Operation VFFE Maximum Speed with Flaps Extended VLO Maximum Speed for Landing Gear Operation VLE Maximum Speed with Landing Gear Extended Vs Stall speed VMCA Minimum Control Speed (Airborne) VMCG Minimum Control Speed (Ground) VREF Reference Speed or Target Threshold Speed Vx Best Angle of Climb Speed Vy Best Rate of Climb Speed Vyse Best Single–Engine Rate of climb Speed VTOSS Take–off Safety Speed V1 Decision Speed VEF Engine Failure Speed Vcl en route climb Speed Vfr Flap Retraction Speed Vlof Lift–Off Speed and M Mach Number Take-off with no obstacle • Introduction • Maximum Abandoning Speed Icy Runway • Operation with variable take-off thrust Obstacle clearance • Introduction • Take-off net Flight Profiles • Sloping runway effect on obstacle height • Obstacle clearance height (without slope) • Obstacle clearance height (with slope) • Obstacle Problem with Unused clearway En route limitations • Introduction ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 42
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• En route failure cases • En route performance • 90 minute rule • Net and gross Performance • Effects of Bleed • Stabilizing altitude • Engine Failure(s) • En-route Problems Landing problems • Introduction • Landing Distance Available (LDA) • Runway Surface Conditions • Landing Considerations Effect of air density on the approach and landing Effect of wind on the landing • Very Slippery Runway • Performance classification number (PCN), Aircraft classification number
7. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
Hydraulics • Basic principles of Hydromechanics • Basic principles of Transmission of force by fluids under pressure • Pressure production and control in a system • Hydraulic System Air driven systems • Systems that use compressed air • Air conditioning systems • Pressurisation • Pneumatic Actuation Fuel systems • Fuel tanks • Re-fuelling/de-fuelling • Fuel dumping (jettisoning) • Fuel System Monitoring ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 43
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Ice and rain protection • Requirements • Thermal ice protection systems • Fluid ice protection systems • Rain removal • Ground de-icing • Effects on aircraft performance Landing gear and wheel braking systems • Landing gear • Wheel braking systems Emergency equipment • State regulations • Doors and emergency exits • Smoke detection • Fire detection • Fire protection (Aircraft Systems Equipment) • Oxygen system and equipment • Emergency equipment
8. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
Principle of flight and flight controls aeroplanes • Derivation of Lift • Distribution of Forces • Lift augmentation • Flying controls • Asymmetric flight • Minimum control speeds • Effect of ambient conditions • Transonic flights Aerodynamic limitations • Introduction • EAS/IAS/TAS/M ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Maneuvering and gust envelope • Performance degradation • Adverse effect on performance due to profile contamination 9. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS
Introduction and definitions • Introduction • Electrical Terms Electrical components • Introduction Aeroplane batteries • Introduction • Role of the battery • Capacity of batteries • State of charge • Thermal runaway • Introduction • Theory of magnetism • Fundamental laws of magnetism • Classification of magnetic materials • The electromagnet • Electromagnetic Induction Resonance circuits • Introduction • Series resonance • "Q" in a parallel resonant circuit • Self resonance of coils ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 45
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Introduction • Generator components • Generator characteristics • Interpole and compensating windings • E. A.C. generators - Power factors • F. D.C. generators • Introduction Power distribution • Introduction - Split Busbar systems Aircraft electrical systems • Introduction • Wires and cables • Monitoring of electrical systems • Ammeters and Voltmeters • Wheatstone bridge • Power meters • Typical multi-engine aircraft electrical systems Aircraft bonding • Introduction • The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor • Ground (Earth) • Static electricity • Lightning strikes • Landing protection 10. ENGINE SYSTEMS
• Basic Gas Laws • Newton's Laws of Motion, mass, force, weight, momentum, inertia ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 46
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• Position engine construction and operation, engine nomenclature, principle of operation, • Engine efficiencies • Power augmentation devices • Fuel delivery • Fuel delivery • Lubrication and cooling • Ignition system • Engine controls, throttle, rpm, mixture, carburetor heat, cowl flap inform switch, engine priming, pump and prime switch, alternate air • Engine handling, pre-start inspection, starting procedures and precaution, shut down procedures, after start checks and testing, procedures for changing power setting • Engine performance, manifold pressure vs. rpm, propeller load, effect of altitude/temperature on performance, effects of fuel/air ratio, best power, best economy, carburetor air temperature, exhaust back pressure, cruise control • Engine running faults • Basic principles • Engine developments • Engine construction • Operation and requirements of engine systems • Operation of Gas Turbines • Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
11. LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
Introduction and definitions • Introduction • State Legislation • Centre of Gravity (CG) • Mass and balance limits Weight and balance - Associated definitions and abbreviations • Aircraft mass checks ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 47
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Determination of aircraft's loaded mass • Effects improper loading - Overloading - Incorrect loading Centre of gravity • Basic calculations - Terms used - Expression of CG in Terms of percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (%MAC) • CG checks - When Aircraft Weighted - Documentation - Practical methods of calculation • Procedures for determining loaded CG • Re-capitulation of effects of CG out of limits Fwd/Aft • Effects of CG within limits • Securing of loads Checking of load and trim sheets • Introduction • Computer and Manual determined - Flight number and date - Aircraft type and registration - Correct units used - All calculations correct - Pitch trim in relation to CG - Mass and CG limits - Additional checks for manually determined HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Introduction/Accident Statistics • Introduction • Accident Statistics • Flight Safety Concepts • The Shell Concept Flight Physiology (The Atmosphere) • The Atmosphere • The Gas Laws • Altitude and Height • Metabolism, Respiration and Circulation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 48
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
The Respiration System The Circulating System • Hypertension • Oxygen Requirement of the Body • Cabin Pressurization and Decompression • Time of useful Consciousness • Decompression Sickness • Hyper Ventilation • Effects of Acceleration • The High Altitude Environment • Extreme Temperatures The Nervous System • Introduction • The Central Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Automatic System • Workings of the Nervous System • Sensitivity, Habituation and Adaptation • Introduction • Eye Function • Accommodation • Dark Adaptation • Light Adaptation • Defective Visions Presbyopia Cataracts Astigmatism Glaucoma Flash Blindness • Corrective Spectacles and Contact Lenses • Sunglasses and Tinted Glasses • Scanning Techniques • Empty or Open Field Myopia Hearing and Balance Spatial Disorientation and Sensing Illusions ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 49
NCAT FLYING SCHOOL SYLLABI
• Spatial Disorientation Vestibular Illusions - Somatogyral - Coriolis - Somatogravic - Vertigo Visual Illusions - Oculogravic - Auto Kinesis Approach and Landing Errors - Shape Constancy - Size Constancy - Ground Lighting - Featureless Terrain and the Black hole Effect - Atmospherics Health and Hygiene • Personal Hygiene • Common Minor Ailments - Fitness to Fly, Colds, Influenza (Flu) • Nutrition - Hypoglycemia, Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Element • Obesity - Body Mass Index • Coronary Heart Disease • Tropical Climates and Diseases • Sources of Diseases - Airborne, Insects, Direct Contact, Animal, Food, • HIV and Hepatitis B • Immunization to Diseases - Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A and B, Polio and Diphtheria, Typhoid, Cholera • Avoidance of Tropical Disease • Intoxication - Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs and Self Medication, Caffeine • Dangerous Goods and Toxic Hazards • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Flying After Scuba Diving • Flicker Vertigo and Flicker Epilepsy • Circulatory Shock, • Incapacitation in Flight Deep Vein Thrombosis, Blood and Plasma Human Information Processing • Introduction • How Information is Processed ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Selective Divided Attention Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Behavioral Approach Cognitive Approach Modeling Conditions Necessary For the Promotion of Good Quality Learning Anderson Three Phases For Learning a Skill • Decision Making Decision Making Tasks Factors In fluency Judgment Individual Factors In fluency Judgment Training of Judgment • Introduction Isolated Error Chain Error • Current Approach to Human • Error Associated with Rule Base Behaviour • Errors Associated with Knowledge Base Behaviour • Mental Model or Hypothesis of Reality • Error Generation Internal Factors in Error Generation External Factors in Error Generation Ergonomics Economics Social Environment • Major Goals in the Design of Human Centred Man Machine Interface • Strategies Used to Reduce Human Error Safety and Situation Awareness • Introduction • Development of Behaviour • Classification of Behaviour A Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Basic Model of Motivation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
FSSYL001 3 - 51
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• Self Concept • Self Discipline • Mental Attitudes Hazardous to Flight Safety • Introduction Environment Stressors Domestic Life Stressors Work and Organizational Stressors • Levels of Stress Acute Stress and the General Adaption Syndrome Chronic Stress • Stress Limits • Model of Stress • Stress Management • Coping Strategies Action Coping Cognitive Coping System Directed Coping • Long Term Coping Strategies Sleep and Fatigue Reasons for Sleep - Length of Sleep - Stages of Sleep Sleep Credit/Deficit Body Rhythms and Zeitgebers Free Run Circadian Rhythm Time Zone Adjustment Strategies for Delaying or Preventing the Onset of Hypovigilance Sleep Hygiene Use of Sleep Inducing Drugs Introduction Symptom of Fatigue Effects of Fatigue Strategies for Delaying or Preventing Fatigue Inducers ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Introduction • Advantages and Disadvantages of Automation Methods to Overcome Disadvantages of Automation • Existing Automation Philosophies. Airbus Boeing Mac Donnell Douglass • Automation Complacency Main Weakness in Monitoring Automation Systems Action to Counteract Ineffective Monitoring of Automated Systems • Working Concepts Influences and Disadvantages of Automation on Crew The Role of Automation with Respect to Flight Safety Flight Deck Management • Safety Situation Awareness • Multi Crew Co-ordination • Standard Operation Procedure (Stop's) Crew Briefing Check List • Co-operation Group Dynamics Group Decision Synergy • Factors Affecting Group Behaviour Different Role Patterns Leadership and Management Style Blake and Moutons Theory • Communication • Professional Language Implicit and Explicit Communication Inadequate Communication on the Flight Deck Intra and Inter Personal Conflict • Good Communication Avoids Conflict Non Verbal Communication Communication Barriers • Conflict Management ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Principles of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System
- Ground Proximity Warning System
- Standard Operating Procedures
- Checklists
- Briefings
- Training, etc.
13.
METEOROLOGY
• Definition of the atmosphere • Composition of atmosphere • Properties of the atmosphere • Layers of the atmosphere • International standard atmosphere • Definition of the temperature • Unit of Measurement • Transfer of Heat • Application of the above processes to the Heating of the Atmosphere • Water Vapour in the Atmosphere • Condensation • Absolute Humidity • Relative Humidity ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Diurnal Variations • Dew Point Temperature • Wet Bulb Temperature • Super cooling • Measurement of Relative Humidity Atmospheric Pressure and Air Density • Atmospheric Pressure -Definition -Units of Pressure -Measurement of Atmospheric Pressure -Mean Sea Level (MSL) Pressure -Diurnal Variation of Atmospheric Pressure -Variation of Pressure with Height -Constant Pressure Chart -Isallobars -Altimetry • Atmospheric Density: -Interrelationship between pressure, temperature and density. .Distribution of the air density in the atmosphere .Effect of humidity on the density of air • Measurement of winds • Relationship between Wind and Pressure • Basic Cause of air Movement and Forces affecting its Movement • The Geostrophic Wind • The Gradient Wind • Effect of Friction on Surface Wind • Change of Wind Direction • Diurnal Variation of Surface Wind • Local Variation of Winds with Topography Windshear and Turbulence • Definition and types of turbulence • Obstruction to wind flow • Turbulence Reporting Criteria • Effects of Low level wind shear • Wake Turbulence • Thermal Wind and Jet Stream Atmospheric Stability ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Adiabatic Temperature Changes. • Stability And Instability of the Atmosphere • Characteristics of Stable and Unstable Air Masses Clouds Formation and Precipitation • Cloud Formation • International Nomenclature and Classification of Cloud Types • Turbulence Cloud • Convective Cloud • Orographic Cloud • Slow, Widespread Ascent (Frontal Uplift) • Convergence Cloud • Precipitation • The Ice Particle Theory • The Coalescence Process • Clouds Associated with Different Types of Precipitation • Requirements for Thunderstorm Development • Types and Characteristics of Thunderstorm • Structure of Thunderstorms • Surface Weather Changes due to Thunderstorms • Effects of Thunderstorms on Flight • Thunderstorm Avoidance • Development and Effects of Microbursts Ice Accretion on Aircraft • Ice Formation • Icing and Cloud Types • Factors Affecting the Amount of Icing • Forms of Icing • Piston Engine Icing • Effect of Mountains (Orographic Lift) on Icing Situation • Airframe Icing Report • ICAO Recommended Action on Degree/ Intensity of Icing Visibility and Fog • Runway Visual Range (RVR) • Visibility Problem During Take-off and Landing • Vertical Visibility ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Causes of Reduced Visibility • Fog Mist and Haze and Their Differences • Types of Fog • Classification of Air Masses • Air Masses Affecting UK • Structure and Characteristics • Weather with the Passage of a Polar Front Depression • Occluded Fronts or Occlusions • Pressure Patterns and Associated Weather Tropical Weather (West Africa) • Air Masses over West Africa • Wind over West Africa • Associated Weather Zones over West Africa • The Little Dry Season ‘or' August Break • Weather Systems METEOROLOGY PRACTICAL
Weather Map or Surface synoptic Charts. • The general features of a synoptic Chart. Station Layout Interpretation of codes used on weather Chart - Pressure - humidity - temperature - visibility Interpretation of symbols used on weather Charts - safety word - cloud - present weather • Forecasting winds at 2000 FE and movement of fronts and depressions. Wind at 2000 ft Movement of fronts and depression - Cold front movement - warm front movement - occluded front movement ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- movement of depression - calculation of freezing level Aerodrome reports • METAR and SPECI codes • Decoding of meter and TAF • In flight in formation - VOLMET broad cast (excluding CAVOK reports) - SIGMET VHF broadcast - Inflight responsibilities • Flight document - Significant • Weather and spot wind charts - Low level flight information (LAP FORINS 214 and 215) Interpretation of Spot and Significant Weather Chart • Low level flight information (LAP FORM 214 and 215) -Forecast chart (LAP FORM 214 and 215) .Tabular forecast chart .Warnings and remarks • Spot wind charts (LAP FORM 214) Interpretation and Use Of RAFC Frankfurt Charts. -Significant weather, tropopause/max wind charts -Upper winds and temperature charts. AIR LAW AND ATC PROCEDURES
History of aviation law & the Chicago convention • The Chicago Convention • Territorial Airspace • Freedoms of the Air • Aims and Objectives of ICAO • Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPS) • ICAO Annexes Personnel licensing • Licensing and Ratings • Licensing Requirements and Regulations • Ratings are Parts of Licenses • Licenses of Members of Flight Crew • Grant or Renewal of Licenses to Members of Flight Crew • Validation of Licenses • Instruction in Flying • Personal Flying Log Book ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Particulars to be Written in Log Books Registration and marking of aircraft • Registration and Marking of Aircraft • Aircraft to be Registered • Nationality and Registration Marks • Categories of aircraft Airworthiness and equipment of aircraft • Airworthiness and Equipment of Aircraft • Certificate of Airworthiness • Certificate of Maintenance and Compliance • Equipment of Aircraft • Radio Equipment of Aircraft Operation of aircraft • Operation of Aircraft • Public Transport –Operators' Responsibilities • Operations Manual for Public Transport • Loading of Public Transport Aircraft • Duties of Commander • Operations of Radio in Aircraft • Towing, Carriage of Persons, • Exits and Break-in Markings • Minimum Weather Conditions • Fatigue of Flight Crew • Limits and record of flight times, flying duty period and rest periods • Maximum flying duty periods • Minimum rest periods Aircraft documents • Carriage of Documents • Production/Preservation/Revocation/ • Suspension of Documents • Offenses in Relation to Documents Rules of the air and air traffic services • Rules of the Air and Air Traffic Service • Application of the Rules of the Air • General Flight Rules - Visual Flight Rules ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Instrument Flight Rule • Air Traffic Control Service/ATC • Flight Information Service Air routes, airways, and aerodromes • Air Routes, Airways, and Aerodromes etc • Air Routes and Airways • Advisory Routes and FIRS • Conditions of Movement Areas and Related Facilities • Visual Aids for Navigation, Denoting Obstacles • Restricted Use of Areas • Flights on Airways: Joining and crossing of airways Separation standards • Separation Standards • Vertical Separation • Horizontal Separation - Lateral/Longitudinal Separation - Radar Separation ATS flight plans • ATS Flight Plans • When to File a Flight Plan • Flight Plan at Departure Aerodrome • Air Borne Flight Plan • Messages on the AFTN • Departure, Delay, Cancellation, Arrival - Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public Altimeter setting procedures • Altimeter Setting Procedures • Flight Separation • Terrain Clearance • Definitions and General Information • Transition Altitude -Transition Layer, Transition Level, Flight Level Investigation of Accidents • Investigation of Accidents • Notification of Accidents • Access to and Removal of Damage Aircraft • Investigation of Accidents – Private, Public ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Search and Rescue and Meteorology • Search and Rescue • Meteorological Offices • Types of Services provided • Aircraft Meteorological Observations and Reports OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
i. ICAO Annex 6 (A) • Introduction • Compliance with the Law • Operational Control • Alternate Aerodromes • Flight Safety and Accident Prevention • Maintenance Release • Lighting of Aircraft • Navigation Lights ii. General Operations Requirements • Basic Requirement • Common Language • Quality System • Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Prog. • Additional Crew Members • Carriage of Persons • Crew Responsibilities of the P.I.C. • Authority of the Commander • Admission to the Flight Deck • Unauthorized Carriage • Portable Electronic Devices • Drugs and Alcohol • Endangering Safety • Documents to be Carried • Manuals to be Carried • Additional Information and Forms to be Carried • Information to be Retained n the Ground • Power to Inspect ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Production and Preservation of Documents and • Leasing of Aeroplanes iii. ICAO Annex 6 (B) • Establishment of Procedures • Performance and Operating Limitations - Mass Limitations, Take-off - Enroute – One Power Units in Operative - Enroute – Two Power Unit in Operative - Landing - Aeroplane Performance Operating Limitations - Use of Air Traffic Control - Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator - Planning Minima for the IFR Flights - Meteorological Conditions - Approach and Landing Conditions - Aerodrome Operating Minima - Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures - Noise Abatement Procedures - Routes and Area Operation, RVSM Operations - Twin Engine Operations without ETOPS approval - Determination of one Engine Inoperative Cruise Speed - Extended Range Operations with Twin Engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS) - Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes - Fuel Policing - Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMS) - Carriage of Inadmissible Passenger, Deportees or Persons in Custody - Stowage of Baggage and Cargo, Seating of Passengers, Passenger Briefing, Flight Preparation - ATS Flight Plan - Refueling and De-fuelling - Crew Members at Duty Status - Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses - Smoking - Ice and other Contaminants - Use of Supplemental Oxygen - Ground Proximity Detection - Occurrence Reporting ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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iv. All Weather Operations • Introduction • Aerodrome Operating minima: Operators • Responsibilities • Classification of Aeroplanes • Low Visibility Operations – General Operating • Terminology, Take off Minima • Visual Reference, Required RVR/Visibility • Low Visibility OPS: Aerodrome Considerations • Low Visibility OPS: Training and Qualifications • Low Visibility OPS: Operating Procedures • Low Visibility OPS: Minimum Equipment • System Minima, Non Precision Approach • Minimum Descent Height • Visual Reference, Required RVR • Precision Approach – Category I Operations • Precision Approach – Category II Operations • Precision Approach – Category III Operations • No Decision Height Operations • Visual Reference, Category III RVR Requirements • Circling, Visual Approach • VFR Operating Minima, Special VFR v. Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments • Introduction • Basic Requirements • Internal Doors and Curtains • First Aid Kits • Hand-held Fire Extinguishers Locations • Break-in Markings • Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs) (a) Data Recorded (b) CVRs – Operations, Construction and Installation. • Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) • Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules • Single Pilot IFR Operations • Altitude Alerting System • Stand By Horizon, Aeroplane Lighting • Flights Over Water, Long Range Flights • Remote Areas, Weather Radar ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions • Radiation Monitoring Indicator, Machmeter • Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) • Terrain Awareness Warning Systems (TAWS) • Communications Equipment, • Internal Communications • Audio Selector Panel (ASP), • Navigation Equipment, Instrument Procedures • Installation, Electrical Circuit Fusing • Windshield Wipers • Emergency and Survival Equipment • Items Not Requiring Approval • Seats and Harnesses • Fasten Seat Belts and No-Smoking Signs • Carriage and use of Supplemental Oxygen • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crow Bars • Mega Phones, Emergency Lighting • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) • Survival Equipment vi. Crew Logs and Records • Crew Composition • Relief of the Commander • Relief of the Co-pilot • System Panel Operator • Relief of System Panel Operator • Minimum flight Crew for Operations Under IFR • Conversion, Training and Checking • Conversion Training • Difference and Familiarization Training • Recurrent Training and Checking • Operator Proficiency Check • Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and • CRM Training • Ground and Refresher Training • Pilot Qualifications to Operate in either • Recent Experience • Route and Aerodrome Qualification for ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Commander of PF • Route Competence, Aerodrome Competence • Operations on more than one Type or Variant • Operations and Aeroplanes and Helicopters • Training Records, Cabin Crew, Journey Log • Operational Flight Plan, Storage Period • Flight and Duty Time Limitations vii. Special Operational Procedures and Hazards • Operating Procedures • Aeroplane Operating Matters – Type Related • Minimum Equipment List (MEL) • Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) • MEL – Operators Responsibility • MEL – Commanders • Ground De-icing and Anti-icing • The Clean Aircraft Concept • The Anti-Ice Code • Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance • Hazard to Aeroplanes • Bird Strike Report • Noise Abatement viii. Fire and Smoke • Fire and Smoke • Fire in the Aeroplane • Hand Held Fire Extinguishers • Automatic Toilet Fire Extinguishers • Fire Detection Systems • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crowbars • Over-heated Brakes ix. Pressurization Failure A. Pressurization Failure - Minimum requirements for supplementary oxygen to be supplied in pressurised aeroplanes during and following an emergency descent - Differences between slow and rapid or explosive decompression - Detection of slow decompression or automatic pressurisation system failure - Effects on aircraft occupants of slow, rapid or explosive decompression - Actions required following slow, rapid or explosive decompression ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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x. Windshear and Microburst Windshear and Microburst - Low altitude windshear - Vertical windshear - Horizontal windshear - Up and down draught windshear - Meteorological phenomena associated with windshear - Most likely locations for windshear encounters associated with the aircraft in relation to: Cb/Ts Weather fronts Inversions Hills and structures - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt decrease in headwind component, or increase in tailwind component whilst making an approach to land - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt increase in headwind component or decrease in tailwind component during a departure - Effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraught windshear - Microburst and its effects xi. Wake Turbulence • Wake Turbulence - Creation of wake turbulence - Tip vortices circulation - When vortex generation begins and ends - Vortex circulation on the ground with and without crosswind - 3 main factors which combine to give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow) - Wind conditions which are worst for wake turbulence near the ground - Comparison between aeroplane and helicopter vortex generation (helicopter vortices more intense per kg of gross mass) - ICAO wake turbulence aircraft categories according to maximum certificated take off mass - Wake turbulence separation Landing: minimum separation for landing Medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium or heavy Full runway take off Minimum separation for take-off for a: Light or medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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(d) The same runway (e) Parallel runways separated by less than 760m (f) Crossing or parallel runways when the projected flight path of the second aircraft crossed the first at the same level or within 1000ft lower Intermediate take off Minimum separation to be applied when aircraft are using a runway with a displaced landing threshold for: (c) A departing Light or Medium following a Heavy arrival and a departing Light following a Medium arrival (d) An arriving Light or Medium following a Heavy departure and an arriving Light following a medium departure if the projected flight paths cross Opposite direction Minimum separation for (c) A Light or Medium taking off or landing after a Heavy which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction, or (d) A Light taking-off or landing after a Medium which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction (the same criteria apply on parallel runways separated by less than 760m) xii. Security A. Security in Civil Aviation - Responsibilities of the operator concerning: Training programmes Reporting acts of unlawful interference Aeroplane search procedures - Responsibility of the commander concerning reporting requirements following an act of unlawful Interference - Unlawful interference (in flight procedures) Commander's responsibilities concerning: (a) Notifying the appropriate ATS unit (b) Operation of SSR (c) Departing from assigned track and/or (d) Selection of cruising level (if no applicable regional procedures have been established) (e) Action required on being requested by an ATS unit to confirm SSR code and ATS interpretation response - Different measures to be taken by the State in which the unlawful interference occurs - Flight-deck door characteristics of a transport passenger aeroplane (JAR-OPS) - Persons permitted to carry weapons on board an aircraft and in which circumstances ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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- Procedure to be followed in the case of a bomb on board an aircraft xiii. Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Precautionary Landing • Passenger Briefing • Actions and responsibilities of crew members after landing. xiv. Fuel Jettison • Fuel Jettison • Jettison System Certification • Legal requirements governing the jettisoning of fuel • Jettisoning Procedure - ATC, altitude/location, monitoring flow • Safety precautions when jettisoning fuel concerning (smoking, HF radio, electrics, flight pattern, operation of flaps/slots/slats, weather conditions) xv. Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Technical Instructions • Labeling and Packaging • Loading Restrictions • Provision of Information • Accident and Incident Reporting • Hazard Classes of Dangerous Goods • Dangerous Goods that may be carried by • Passengers or Crew ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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xvi. Safety and Emergency Procedures • In-flight Medical Emergencies • Roles of a First Aider • First Aid treatment • Medical Emergencies • Death onboard xvii. Contaminated Runway • Contaminated Runway • Contaminant Dept Limitations • Aqua Planning (Hydroplaning) • Breaking Action • Co-efficient of Friction • Performance Considerations • Snow tam Breaking Information xviii. Aeronautical Documentation • Aeronautical Documentation Introduction • Responsibilities and Functions • Exchange of Aeronautical Information • Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) • Specification for AIP Supplements • Specification for AIP Amendments • NOTAMS - Origination - General Specifications - Distribution - SNOWTAM • Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) - Regulated System • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) - Origination - General Specifications • Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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xix. Aeronautical Codes and Abbreviations • Introduction • Principle for formulation of abbreviations • Specifications governing the use of abbreviations • Implementation • Notification of Differences • Editorial Presentation • Abbreviations and terms used in radiotelephony transmission xx. Application of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Checklists - Briefings - Training, etc. xxi. Altimeter Setting Procedures • Introduction - Systems of Flight Levels - Transition Altitude (TA) - Transition Level (TL) - Transition from Flight Levels to Altitudes and vice-versa ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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• Take-off and climb - Vertical Separation - Terrain Clearance • Approach and Landing xxii. Passenger Safety Briefing, Embarking and Disembarking Procedures • Boarding Announcement - Welcome and Flight Information - Departure/Demo - After Take-Off/Turbulence - Descent/Arrival - In-flight passenger briefing • General Boarding Procedures - General passenger boarding - Unaccompanied minors - Transportation of passengers with disabilities - Multiple occupancy of seats - Seat duplications - Carriage of stretcher patients - Cabin baggage (carry-on luggage) - Stowage of cabin baggage - Child restraint systems (CRS) - Pets • Passenger Disembarkation Procedures - Disembarkation - Post flight procedures Security Checks: Flight Deck, Galley, Bin, Seats, Seat Pockets, Toilets, Floor Emergency Equipment Stowage ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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CHAPTER FOUR
FLYING INSTRUCTOR LICENSE COURSE
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UNDER DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER FIVE
AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENSE COURSE
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1. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICS
Direct current (DC) • Ohm's law and Resistance calculations, series and parallel circuit • Kirchoff's law • Current and voltage calculations • Electrical power and work • Basic circuit component and symbols • Electrical unit prefixes • Aircraft systems • Aircraft wiring and circuit protection, umpode, di-pole, earth return, bonding and discharge wicks, secrening, short circuit and open circuit, fuses, current limiters, circuit breakers, trip free, non trip free, reverse current circuit breaker • Permanent magnetism • Electromagnetism • Electromagnetic induction, solenoid, relay, reverse current out • Electromagnetic power director current generators • Generator control • Bus basr distribution and protection • Direct current motors, construction, field winding • Starter generator, control function and application • Ground Power Unit (DC) Alternating current (AC) • Nature of alternating EMF and current • Advantages and disadvantages compared to DC • Power in AC circuits • Impedance defined • Alternating current generator 3 phase brushless • Power derivation • Generator control and protection unit (G.C.P.U.) • Multiple A.C. generator operation • Power distribution and application • Monitoring Equipment • Transformers and functions in AC electrical units • Transformer rectifier unit (TRU) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1
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• Use of inverters in AC circuits • Fault diagnosis and in flight emergency operation • Alternating current motors • Ram Air Turbine (RAM) • Ground Power Unit (A.C.) • Introduction • Principle and application • Introduction • Principle and application to aircraft systems Electronic display systems • Introduction • Electronic Display System 2. AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
General principles • Definitions, abbreviation and terms used • National legislation • Elements of performance performance of aeroplane certificated under JAR/FAR 25 performance groups A and B, BCAR section D and BCAR 23 • Definitions, Abbreviation and Terms used • Take-off requirements • Climb Performance • Cruise performance • Descent and landing performance • Optional procedures ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2
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ENGINE SYSTEMS
• Basic Gas Laws • Newton's Laws of Motion, mass, force, weight, momentum, inertia • Position engine construction and operation, engine nomenclature, principle of operation, • Engine efficiencies • Power augmentation devices • Fuel delivery • Fuel delivery • Lubrication and cooling • Ignition system • Engine controls, throttle, rpm, mixture, carburetor heat, cowl flap inform switch, engine priming, pump and prime switch, alternate air • Engine handling, pre-start inspection, starting procedures and precaution, shut down procedures, after start checks and testing, procedures for changing power setting • Engine performance, manifold pressure vs. rpm, propeller load, effect of altitude/temperature on performance, effects of fuel/air ratio, best power, best economy, carburetor air temperature, exhaust back pressure, cruise control • Engine running faults • Basic principles • Engine developments • Engine construction • Operation and requirements of engine systems • Operation of Gas Turbines • Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
4. LOADING (MASS AND BALANCE)
• Introduction • B. State Legislation • C. Centre of Gravity (CG) • D. Mass and balance limits ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3
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Weight and balance - Associated definitions and abbreviations • Aircraft mass checks • Determination of aircraft's loaded mass • Effects improper loading - Overloading - Incorrect loading Centre of gravity • Basic calculations - Terms used - Expression of CG in Terms of percentage of mean aerodynamic - When Aircraft Weighted - Documentation - Practical methods of calculation • Procedures for determining loaded CG • Re-capitulation of effects of CG out of limits Fwd/Aft • Effects of CG within limits • Securing of loads Checking of load and trim sheets • Introduction • Computer and Manual determined o Flight number and date o Aircraft type and registration o Correct units used o All calculations correct o Pitch trim in relation to CG o Mass and CG limits o Additional checks for manually determined 5. AIRCRAFT (TYPE)
• Introduction • Pilot knowledge ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 4
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• A. Introduction • B. Limitations • C. Engine operation • Auxiliary Power Units (APU) • Fuel systems • Flight controls • Automatic stabilization systems • Automatic Pilot and flight management systems • Pneumatic, pressure and vacuum systems • Hydraulic systems • Landing gear • Electrical systems • Radio and radar systems • Air condition and pressurization systems • Ice and rain protection systems • Additional aspects 6. AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
• Basic principles of Hydromechanics • General principles of Transmission of force by fluids under pressure • Pressure production and control in a system • Hydraulic fluids Air driven systems • Systems that use compressed air • Air conditioning systems • Pressurisation • Pneumatic Actuation • Re-fuelling/de-fuelling • Fuel dumping (jettisoning) • Fuel System Monitoring ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 5
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Ice and rain protection • Requirements • Thermal ice protection systems • Fluid ice protection systems • Rain removal • Ground de-icing • Effects on aircraft performance • Landing gear and Wheel braking systems • Landing gear • Wheel braking systems Emergency equipment • State regulations • Doors and emergency exits • Smoke detection • Fire detection • Fire protection (Aircraft Systems Equipment) • Oxygen system and equipment • Emergency equipment
7. PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
Principle of flight and flight controls - aeroplanes • Derivation of Lift • Distribution of Forces • Lift augmentation • Flying controls • Asymmetric flight • Transonic flights • Aerodynamic limitation • Performance degradation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 6
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Aerodynamic limitations • Introduction • EAS/IAS/TAS/M • Maneuvering and gust envelope • Performance degradation • Adverse effect on performance due to profile contamination 8. METEOROLOGY

• Definition of Meteorology • Reason for Studying Meteorology • A Definition of the Atmosphere • The constituents of the Atmosphere (By Volume) • Properties of the Earth's Atmosphere • Atmosphere Hazards • The ICAO Standard Atmosphere • Introduction • Units of Atmospheric Pressure • Pressure Variations at the Earth Atmosphere • Mean Sea Level Surface Pressure Charts • The Pressure Gradient Force • Vertical Pressure Variation • The Effect of Temperature on Vertical Pressure Variation • Diurnal Variation • Types of Pressure • Summary of QNH/QFE Relationship • Pressure Definitions • Mean Sea Level Pressure Charts • Introduction • Density Expressions • Effects of Changes of Pressure on Density • Effects of Changes of Temperature on Density • Effects of Changes of Humidity on Density • Effects of Changes of Altitude on Density • Effects of Changes of Latitude on Density • Effects of Changes in Density on Aircraft Operations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 7
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• The Altimeter • Altimeter Sub-Scale Settings • Horizontal Pressure Variations • Regional Pressure Settings • Temperature Error • Altimeter Problems • True Altitude • Calculating Altimeter Questions • Introduction • Heating of the Atmosphere • Temperature Variation with Height • Surface Temperature • Definition of Latent Heat • Change of State • Humidity Measurement • Hygrometer and Psychrometer • Dew Point Temperature • Diurnal Variation of Humidity Adiabatic and Stability • Adiabatic Temperature Change • Adiabatic Lapse Rates • Stability Summary • Introduction • Gust and Squalls - In The Friction Layer - In Clear Air • Standing or Mountain Waves (MTW) ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 8
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- Conditions Necessary for Formation of Standing Waves - Turbulence Effects of Standing Waves - Visual Recognition Features of Standing Waves - Actions To Avoid The Worst Effects of Standing Waves • Rotor Streaming • Turbulence Within Clouds • Turbulence Surrounding Clouds • Turbulence Beneath Clouds • Turbulence Around Upper Troughs And Ridges • Turbulence Reporting Criteria • Low Altitude Windshear • Introduction • Gusts and Lulls • Measurement of Winds • The Geotropic Wind • The Gradient Wind • The Antitiripic Wind • Winds Below 2000-3000ft (1Km) • Land Sea and Sea Breeze • Valley and Ravine Winds • Katabatic Winds • Anabatic Winds • Introduction • Thermal Wind • Contour and Thickness Charts • General Upper Winds • Calculating Average Upper Wind along Route - Causes - Locations - Direction and Speed • Clear Air Turbulence - Movement - Recognition - Forecasting ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 9
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Cloud and Precipitation • Introduction • Cloud Amount • Cloud Ceiling • Measurement of Cloud Base • The Cloud Base Recorder • Measurement of Cloud Top • H. Cloud Movement • I. Cloud Classification • Condition for Formation - Heat Type Thunderstorm - Frontal Type Thunderstorm • Thunderstorm Development (Single Cell) • Movement of Thunderstorms - Alignment - Forecasting • Super Cell Thunderstorm (Severe Local Storms) • Thunderstorm Avoidance Using Airborne Radar • Summary of Thunderstorm Hazards • Introduction - Radiation Fog - Advection Fog - Special Areas - Steaming Fog (Artic Smoke) - Frontal Fog • Visibility Reducers • Visibility Measurement • Runway Visual Range • Transmissometer • Instrumented Runway Visual Range • Summary of Visibility Effects ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 0
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• An Introduction to Icing and its Basic Causes • Super cooled Water Droplets (SWD) • The Effects of Icing - Clear or Glace Ice - Rime Ice - Rain Ice - Pack Snow - Hoar Frost • Factors Affecting the Severity of Icing • Icing Forecasts • Freezing Level • Reporting Icing • Piston Engine Induction Icing • Jet Engine Icing • Jet Engine Operation of Icing Conditions • Air Mass Introduction • Air Mass Identification • Air Mass around North West Europe • Introduction to Fronts - The Polar Front - The Artic Front - The Mediterranean Front • The Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ) • Frontal Factor • The Polar Front and Polar Front Depression • The Warm Sector • Weather With The Passage of a Frontal Depression • Upper-winds in Polar Front Depression • Occluded Front/Occlusions • ANA and KAT Fonts • Ouasi Stationary Fronts Frontal System (Pressure Systems) • Introduction • Low Pressure Systems • Small Scale Lows ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 1
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• Hazards to Aviation from Small Scale Lows • The Equatorial Low Pressure Belt • Large Scale Low Pressure Areas (Depressions) • Formation of Polar Front Depressions • Isobaric Troughs • Anticyclones • Pressure Systems Movement • Buy Ballot's Law • Pressure Gradient Global Climatology • Introduction • Idealized Air Circulation • Idealized Circulation Weather • Basic Climatic Zones • Temperature and Topographical Effect • Surface Winds Area Climatology • North West Africa o Pressure Systems o Weather and Surface Winds o Upper Winds • North Atlantic Region o Weather o Summer • Continental North West Europe o Winter o Summer • Mediterranean Sea and Adjacent Land o Winter o Summer • Arabia the Gulf Area, Arabian Sea and Borders ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 2
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o Winter o Summer Route Climatology • Calcutta to Singapore o Winter (January) o Summer (July) • Singapore to Tokyo via Hong Kong o Winter o Summer • Singapore to Auckland via Dawins and Sydney o Geographical Considerations o Winter (July) o Summer (January) • Cairo to Johannesburg via Nairobi o Geographical Considerations o January (Northern Winter/Southern Summer) o July (Northern Summer/Southern Winter) • Nairobi Region Introduction to Satellite Meteorology • Introduction • Polar Orbiting Satellites • Geostationary Satellites • Visual Images • Infrared (IR) • False Colour Pictures • Location of the Image 9. AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS

Air Data Sources • Pitot & Static Systems • Static Source • Combine pressure Head • Errors and Faults • Alternative Static Source • Errors normally associated with alternative vent ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 3
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Air Temperature Measurement • Types of Thermometers used in Aircraft • Ram Air Temperature • Corrected Outside Air Temperature Angle of Attack Sensor • Principles of operation • Types of use • Use and Application • Relationship between pressure & Height • Principles of operation • Construction of sensitive & servo Altimeters • Height encoding • Subscale setting procedures • Standard Setting: QFE, QNE, QNH • Presentation & Interpretation • Corrections & Tolerances Airspeed Indicator • Principles of operation & Construction • Ram Air & Dynamic Pressures • Compressibility • Speed Terms: IAS, RAS,EAS, TAS • Presentation & Interpretation of Airspeed Indicator • Uses of the coloured arcs • Errors & corrections • Conversion of IAS to TAS Vertical Speed Indicator • Presentation • Errors and Limitations • Instantaneous VSI (IVSI) • Advantages of IVSI over the conventional VSI ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 4
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• Principles of operation & Construction • Significance of Mach Number • Mach number formula • Measurement of Mach Number as a ratio of pressures • Presentation, Interpretation & use Mach/TAS Indicator • Principles of operation • Presentation, Interpretation & use Gyroscopic Principles • Introduction • Rigidity in space • Factors Affecting rates of precession • Construction & Principle of different types of gyros Directional Gyro Indicator • Introduction • Principles of operation & Construction • Calculations of Drifts • Set & re-set Slaved Gyro Compass • Principles of operation & Construction • Principle of the flux valve • Transmission System • Slaving System • Output data, uses and applications • Pre-flight checks • Remote Transmission Systems Artificial Horizon • Principles of operation & Construction • Remote Vertical Gyro • Types of Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations • Output data, uses & applications ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 5
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Turn and Balance Indicator • Construction & Principles of operation • Display Types & Interpretation • Errors and limitations • Output data, uses & applications Turn Co-ordinator • Principles of operation • Construction • Display & Interpretation • Errors and Limitations • Principles of measurement of Acceleration • Construction of Typical force rebalanced accelerometers • Output Data and uses • Errors and Limitations Gyro Stabilised Gimballed Platform • Construction & Principles of operation • Platform levelling & Gyro compassing • Platform alignment • Types of platform • Output Data and uses & application Strapped Down System • Construction & Principles of operation • Types & uses • Advantages & Disadvantages Terrestrial Magnetism • Terrestrial magnetism • Earth's Magnetic Field • H & Z Components of Earth's Total field • Magnetic Latitude • Directive & Deflective forces • Magnetic dip & Magnetic variation • Aircraft Magnetism Aircraft Magnetism Direct Reading Magnetic Compass • Principles of construction of a typical compass • Errors & Limitations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 6
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• Serviceability Tests • The Deviation Card • Characteristics of Compass Liquid • Compass Swing Area Navigation Systems • Typical Flight Deck Equipment • Input sources & uses • Crew interface • Interpretation, Checking & updating Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) • Information Display Types • Block Diagrammatic Data input • Interpretation • Uses of Information Flight Management System • General function and Principles • Inputs and outputs • Applications • Functions and Display • Block Diagram • Components and Display • Mode of operation • Limitations & Operational restrictions Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) • Principle of Integration • Uses of Accelerometers & Platforms • Schuler-tuned platforms • Navigation computer • Use of equipment • MSU, CDU & HIS Display • Accuracy, Reliability and errors • INS operation use ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 7
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10. FLIGHT PLANNING AND FLIGHT MONITORING

Flight plans for cross country flights • Navigation Plan • Terrain and obstacle clearance • Cruising levels • Navigation check points, visual or radio • Measurement of tracks and distances • Obtaining wind velocity forecast for each leg • Computation of heading, ground speeds and times enroute from tracks, true airspeed and wind velocities • Use of wind component tables for drift and groundspeeds • Completion of navigation flight plan • Computation planned fuel usage for each leg and total fuel usage for the • Flight manual figures for fuel flow during climb, cruise, and descent. Mid weights or instantaneous weights • Navigation plan for times en-route • Fuel for holding or diversion to alternate airfield • Total fuel requirements for flight • Take off weight • Landing weight • Completion of pre-flight portion of fuel log Flight monitoring and in–flight re-planning • In-flight computations checkpoints, flight progress chart o Calculation of actual rate of consumption o Comparison of actual and planned fuel consumption and fuel state, flight progress chart, PNR and CP • Revision of fuel reserves • In-flight re-planning in case of problems o Selection of cruise altitude for new destination o Fuel state, fuel requirements, fuel reserves Radio communications and navigation aids • Communication frequencies and call signs for appropriate control agencies and in-flight service facilities, weather stations • Radio navigation and approach aids ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 8
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o Frequencies o Identification Air traffic flight plan • Type of flight plan-CA48 • ICAO flight plan o Format o Information included o Repetitive flight plan • Completion of flight plan • Information for flight plan obtained from: o Navigation flight plan o Fuel endurance o Operators records for basic information Practical flight planning o Checking AIP and NOTAMS for latest information o Selection of altitudes or flight levels for each leg of flight • Plot tracks and measure directions and distances • Completing navigation plans using o Tracks and distances from prepared charts o Application of wind velocity on each leg to obtain headings and o Calculations of en-route times for each leg to destination and alternates to determine total time en-route o Wind velocities as provided o True airspeed as appropriate • Simple fuel plans • Preparation of fuel loads showing planned values for: o Fuel used on each leg including climb, cruise and descent o Fuel remaining at end of each leg o Total time and fuel required to destination o Endurance, based on fuel remaining and planned rate of consumption at end of each leg o Completion of fuel plan o Fuel required for missed approach, climb and cruise to alternate o Reserve fuel Radio Planning Practice • Communications o Frequencies and call signs of ATC agencies and facilities and information for in-flight weather • Navigation aids o Frequencies and identifiers of en-route and terminal facilities ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 1 9
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IFR (Airways) Flight Planning • Meteorological considerations • Selection of routes to destination and alternates o Preferred airways routes o Extraction of tracks/distances from radio navigation charts o Frequencies and identifiers of en-route radio navigation aids o Min en-route altitudes, minimum crossing and reception altitudes o Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs) and Standard Arrival Routes Jet Aircraft Flight Planning (Additional considerations) • Additional flight planning aspects for jet aircraft (advanced planning) Cruise technique • Fuel planning o En-route contingency fuel o Destination holding and diversion fuel o Reserves o Importance of altitude selection when planning for diversion o Use of performance charts to plan fuel usage based on planned climbs, en-route cruise and descent o Reserve fuel requirements • Calculation of critical point (CP), Point of no return (PNR) • Difference between equi-fuel and equi-time points o General consideration of EROPS,- Point of Equal Time (PET) and Point of Safe Return (PSR) Computerized Flight Planning • General principles of present systems o Advantages o Shortcomings and limitations RADIO NAVIGATION AIDS
Basic Radio Theory • Electromagnetic radiation • Basic Radio Signals Transmission • Modulation of Radio waves • Wave propagation • Radio Communication ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 0
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VHF Ground Direction Finder • Coverage and Range • Errors & Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Principles of operation • Coverage & Range • Presentation and Interpretation of RBI & RMI • ADF Navigation • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Errors & Accuracy • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting VOR Range • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR CDI • Presentation & Interpretation of VOR RMI • Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) • Doppler VOR (DVOR) • Errors and Accuracy Instrument Landing System • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting ILS Range • ILS Localizer • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Localizer • ILS Glidepath • Presentation & Interpretation of ILS Glidepath • Marker Beacons • ILS Categories • Errors and Accuracy Microwave Landing System • Coverage & Range • Factors Affecting MLS Range & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation of MLS Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 1
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• Introduction • Primary & Secondary Radars • Advantages/Disadvantages of Primary & Secondary Radars • Radar Applications • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • Pulse Techniques Distance Measuring Equipment • Coverage and Range • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Frequency Pairing • Principles of operation • Advantages & Disadvantages • Accuracy, Reliability & Accuracy • Presentation & Interpretation Secondary Surveillance Radar • Introduction • Uses of SSR Equipment Modes • Standard SSR Codes • Presentation & Interpretation Airborne Weather Radar • Coverage & Range • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy • Factors Affecting Range & Accuracy • Cloud Height • Presentation & Interpretation • Errors and Accuracy Area Navigation (RNAV) Ground Proximity Warning System • Principles of operation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 2
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• Errors and Accuracy • Alerts and Warnings Hyperbolic Navigation System Traffic Alert & Collision Avoidance System Global Positioning System NAVIGATION GENERAL
The Triangle of Velocities Fuel Computations Pilot Navigation Navigation Requirements for Long Range Flights Relative Velocity Time And Time Conversions Navigation Plotting • Calculation Factors Affecting Accuracy And Plotting Of Dead Reckoning Position • Measurement Of Track And Distance • Plotting Of Position Lines From Radio • Calculation Of Actual Track And Ground- Speed By Reference To Plotted Position • Use Of External Aids For INS Cross Checks • Navigation On Climb And Descent • Maintaining A Flight Log METEOROLOGY PRACTICAL
Aerodrome Weather Report (METAR) • Introduction • Decoding the METAR • Wind Information • The Weather Group • Thunderstorms • Cloud Coverage • Temperature and Dew Point ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 3
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• Recent Weather • Trend, BECMG, TEMPO • Special Reports • End of Message Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAFs) • Introduction • Decoding TAF's • The Date-Time Information • Forecast Change Indicators • The From (FM) Group • The Becoming (BECMG) Group • The Temporary (TEMPO) Group • Introduction • Decoding the SIGMET • Complete SIGMET Message • Special SIGMET Metrological Information for Aircraft in Flight (VOLMET) • Introduction • VOLMET Operations • London VOLMET Main • VOLMET Broadcasts in the High Frequency Band Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) • Introduction • ATIS Operation World Area Forecast System Significant Weather Charts • Introduction • High Level WAFX SIGWX Charts • Medium Level WAFS SIGWX Charts • Thunderstorms • Tropical Cyclones and Hurricanes ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 4
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• Sand and Dust Storms • Frontal Systems • Tropopause Levels HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
Introduction/Accident Statistics • Introduction • Accident Statistics • Flight Safety Concepts • The Shell Concept Flight Physiology (The Atmosphere) • The Atmosphere • The Gas Laws • Altitude and Height • Metabolism, Respiration and Circulation The Respiration System The Circulating System • Hypertension • Oxygen Requirement of the Body • Cabin Pressurization and Decompression • Time of useful Consciousness • Decompression Sickness • Hyper Ventilation • Effects of Acceleration • The High Altitude Environment • Extreme Temperatures The Nervous System • Introduction • The Central Nervous System • The Peripheral Nervous System • The Automatic System • Workings of the Nervous System • Sensitivity, Habituation and Adaptation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 5
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• Introduction • Eye Function • Accommodation • Dark Adaptation • Light Adaptation • Defective Visions Presbyopia Cataracts Astigmatism Glaucoma Flash Blindness • Corrective Spectacles and Contact Lenses • Sunglasses and Tinted Glasses • Scanning Techniques • Empty or Open Field Myopia Hearing and Balance Spatial Disorientation and Sensing Illusions • Spatial Disorientation Vestibular Illusions - Somatogyral - Coriolis - Somatogravic - Vertigo Visual Illusions - Oculogravic - Auto Kinesis Approach and Landing Errors - Shape Constancy - Size Constancy - Ground Lighting - Featureless Terrain and the Black hole Effect - Atmospherics Health and Hygiene • Personal Hygiene • Common Minor Ailments - Fitness to Fly, Colds, Influenza (Flu) • Nutrition - Hypoglycemia, Vitamins, Minerals and Trace Element • Obesity - Body Mass Index ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 6
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• Coronary Heart Disease • Tropical Climates and Diseases • Sources of Diseases - Airborne, Insects, Direct Contact, Animal, Food, • HIV and Hepatitis B • Immunization to Diseases - Yellow Fever, Hepatitis A and B, Polio and Diphtheria, Typhoid, Cholera • Avoidance of Tropical Disease • Intoxication - Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs and Self Medication, Caffeine • Dangerous Goods and Toxic Hazards • Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Flying After Scuba Diving • Flicker Vertigo and Flicker Epilepsy • Circulatory Shock, • Incapacitation in Flight Deep Vein Thrombosis, Blood and Plasma Human Information Processing • Introduction • How Information is Processed Selective Divided Attention Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Behavioral Approach Cognitive Approach Modeling Conditions Necessary For the Promotion of Good Quality Learning Anderson Three Phases For Learning a Skill • Decision Making Decision Making Tasks Factors In fluency Judgment Individual Factors In fluency Judgment Training of Judgment ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 7
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• Introduction Isolated Error Chain Error • Current Approach to Human • Error Associated with Rule Base Behaviour • Errors Associated with Knowledge Base Behaviour • Mental Model or Hypothesis of Reality • Error Generation Internal Factors in Error Generation External Factors in Error Generation Ergonomics Economics Social Environment • Major Goals in the Design of Human Centred Man Machine Interface • Strategies Used to Reduce Human Error Safety and Situation Awareness • Introduction • Development of Behaviour • Classification of Behaviour A Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Basic Model of Motivation • Self Concept • Self Discipline • Mental Attitudes Hazardous to Flight Safety • Introduction Environment Stressors Domestic Life Stressors Work and Organizational Stressors • Levels of Stress Acute Stress and the General Adaption Syndrome Chronic Stress • Stress Limits ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 8
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• Model of Stress • Stress Management • Coping Strategies Action Coping Cognitive Coping System Directed Coping • Long Term Coping Strategies Sleep and Fatigue Reasons for Sleep - Length of Sleep - Stages of Sleep Sleep Credit/Deficit Body Rhythms and Zeitgebers Free Run Circadian Rhythm Time Zone Adjustment Strategies for Delaying or Preventing the Onset of Hypovigilance Sleep Hygiene Use of Sleep Inducing Drugs Introduction Symptom of Fatigue Effects of Fatigue Strategies for Delaying or Preventing Fatigue Inducers • Introduction • Advantages and Disadvantages of Automation Methods to Overcome Disadvantages of Automation • Existing Automation Philosophies. Airbus Boeing Mac Donnell Douglass • Automation Complacency Main Weakness in Monitoring Automation Systems Action to Counteract Ineffective Monitoring of Automated Systems • Working Concepts Influences and Disadvantages of Automation on Crew The Role of Automation with Respect to Flight Safety ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 2 9
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Flight Deck Management • Safety Situation Awareness • Multi Crew Co-ordination • Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) Crew Briefing Check List • Co-operation Group Dynamics Group Decision Synergy • Factors Affecting Group Behaviour Different Role Patterns Leadership and Management Style Blake and Moutons Theory • Communication • Professional Language Implicit and Explicit Communication Inadequate Communication on the Flight Deck Intra and Inter Personal Conflict • Good Communication Avoids Conflict Non Verbal Communication Communication Barriers • Conflict Management Principles of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Checklists ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 0
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- Briefings
- Training, etc.
15.
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
i. ICAO Annex 6 (A) • Introduction • Compliance with the Law • Operational Control • Alternate Aerodromes • Flight Safety and Accident Prevention • Maintenance Release • Lighting of Aircraft • Navigation Lights ii. General Operations Requirements • Basic Requirement • Common Language • Quality System • Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme • Additional Crew Members • Carriage of Persons • Crew Responsibilities of the P.I.C. • Authority of the Commander • Admission to the Flight Deck • Unauthorized Carriage • Portable Electronic Devices • Drugs and Alcohol • Endangering Safety • Documents to be Carried • Manuals to be Carried • Additional Information and Forms to be Carried • Information to be Retained n the Ground • Power to Inspect • Production and Preservation of Documents and • Leasing of Aeroplanes ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 1
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iii. ICAO Annex 6 (B) • Establishment of Procedures • Performance and Operating Limitations - Mass Limitations, Take-off - Enroute – One Power Units in Operative - Enroute – Two Power Unit in Operative - Landing - Aeroplane Performance Operating Limitations - Use of Air Traffic Control - Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator - Planning Minima for the IFR Flights - Meteorological Conditions - Approach and Landing Conditions - Aerodrome Operating Minima - Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures - Noise Abatement Procedures - Routes and Area Operation, RVSM Operations - Twin Engine Operations without ETOPS approval - Determination of one Engine Inoperative Cruise Speed - Extended Range Operations with Twin Engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS) - Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes - Fuel Policing - Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMS) - Carriage of Inadmissible Passenger, Deportees or Persons in Custody - Stowage of Baggage and Cargo, Seating of Passengers, Passenger Briefing, Flight Preparation - ATS Flight Plan - Refueling and De-fuelling - Crew Members at Duty Status - Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses - Smoking - Ice and other Contaminants - Use of Supplemental Oxygen - Ground Proximity Detection - Occurrence Reporting iv. All Weather Operations • Introduction • Aerodrome Operating minima: Operators • Responsibilities • Classification of Aeroplanes • Low Visibility Operations – General Operating • Terminology, Take off Minima • Visual Reference, Required RVR/Visibility ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 2
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• Low Visibility OPS: Aerodrome Considerations • Low Visibility OPS: Training and Qualifications • Low Visibility OPS: Operating Procedures • Low Visibility OPS: Minimum Equipment • System Minima, Non Precision Approach • Minimum Descent Height • Visual Reference, Required RVR • Precision Approach – Category I Operations • Precision Approach – Category II Operations • Precision Approach – Category III Operations • No Decision Height Operations • Visual Reference, Category III RVR Requirements • Circling, Visual Approach • VFR Operating Minima, Special VFR v. Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments • Introduction • Basic Requirements • Internal Doors and Curtains • First Aid Kits • Hand-held Fire Extinguishers Locations • Break-in Markings • Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs) (a) Data Recorded (b) CVRs – Operations, Construction and Installation. • Flight Data Recorders (FDRs) • Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules • Single Pilot IFR Operations • Altitude Alerting System • Stand By Horizon, Aeroplane Lighting • Flights Over Water, Long Range Flights • Remote Areas, Weather Radar • Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions • Radiation Monitoring Indicator, Machmeter • Ground Proximity Warning Systems (GPWS) • Terrain Awareness Warning Systems (TAWS) • Communications Equipment, • Internal Communications • Audio Selector Panel (ASP), • Navigation Equipment, Instrument Procedures • Installation, Electrical Circuit Fusing • Windshield Wipers ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 3
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• Emergency and Survival Equipment • Items Not Requiring Approval • Seats and Harnesses • Fasten Seat Belts and No-Smoking Signs • Carriage and use of Supplemental Oxygen • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crow Bars • Mega Phones, Emergency Lighting • Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) • Survival Equipment vi. Crew Logs and Records • Crew Composition • Relief of the Commander • Relief of the Co-pilot • System Panel Operator • Relief of System Panel Operator • Minimum flight Crew for Operations Under IFR • Conversion, Training and Checking • Conversion Training • Difference and Familiarization Training • Recurrent Training and Checking • Operator Proficiency Check • Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and • CRM Training • Ground and Refresher Training • Pilot Qualifications to Operate in either • Recent Experience • Route and Aerodrome Qualification for • Commander of PF • Route Competence, Aerodrome Competence • Operations on more than one Type or Variant • Operations and Aeroplanes and Helicopters • Training Records, Cabin Crew, Journey Log • Operational Flight Plan, Storage Period • Flight and Duty Time Limitations ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 4
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vii. Special Operational Procedures and Hazards • Operating Procedures • Aeroplane Operating Matters – Type Related • Minimum Equipment List (MEL) • Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL) • MEL – Operators Responsibility • MEL – Commanders • Ground De-icing and Anti-icing • The Clean Aircraft Concept • The Anti-Ice Code • Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance • Hazard to Aeroplanes • Bird Strike Report • Noise Abatement viii. Fire and Smoke • Fire and Smoke • Fire in the Aeroplane • Hand Held Fire Extinguishers • Automatic Toilet Fire Extinguishers • Fire Detection Systems • Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE) • Crash Axes and Crowbars • Over-heated Brakes ix. Pressurization Failure A. Pressurization Failure - Minimum requirements for supplementary oxygen to be supplied in pressurised aeroplanes during and following an emergency descent - Differences between slow and rapid or explosive decompression - Detection of slow decompression or automatic pressurisation system failure - Effects on aircraft occupants of slow, rapid or explosive decompression - Actions required following slow, rapid or explosive decompression x. Windshear and Microburst Windshear and Microburst - Low altitude windshear - Vertical windshear - Horizontal windshear - Up and down draught windshear - Meteorological phenomena associated with windshear - Most likely locations for windshear encounters associated with the aircraft in relation to: ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 5
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Cb/Ts Weather fronts Inversions Hills and structures - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt decrease in headwind component, or increase in tailwind component whilst making an approach to land - Effects of and actions required following an abrupt increase in headwind component or decrease in tailwind component during a departure - Effects of and actions required following entry into a strong downdraught windshear - Microburst and its effects xi. Wake Turbulence • Wake Turbulence - Creation of wake turbulence - Tip vortices circulation - When vortex generation begins and ends - Vortex circulation on the ground with and without crosswind - 3 main factors which combine to give the strongest vortices (heavy, clean, slow) - Wind conditions which are worst for wake turbulence near the ground - Comparison between aeroplane and helicopter vortex generation (helicopter vortices more intense per kg of gross mass) - ICAO wake turbulence aircraft categories according to maximum certificated take off mass - Wake turbulence separation Landing: minimum separation for landing Medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium or heavy Full runway take off Minimum separation for take-off for a: Light or medium behind a heavy Light behind a medium Using: (a) The same runway (b) Parallel runways separated by less than 760m (c) Crossing or parallel runways when the projected flight path of the second aircraft crossed the first at the same level or within 1000ft lower ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 6
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Intermediate take off Minimum separation to be applied when aircraft are using a runway with a displaced landing threshold for: (a) A departing Light or Medium following a Heavy arrival and a departing Light following a Medium arrival (b) An arriving Light or Medium following a Heavy departure and an arriving Light following a medium departure if the projected flight paths cross Opposite direction Minimum separation for (a) A Light or Medium taking off or landing after a Heavy which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction, or (b) A Light taking-off or landing after a Medium which has made a low or missed approach in the opposite direction (the same criteria apply on parallel runways separated by less than 760m) xii. Security A. Security in Civil Aviation - Responsibilities of the operator concerning: Training programmes Reporting acts of unlawful interference Aeroplane search procedures - Responsibility of the commander concerning reporting requirements following an act of unlawful Interference - Unlawful interference (in flight procedures) Commander's responsibilities concerning: (a) Notifying the appropriate ATS unit (b) Operation of SSR (c) Departing from assigned track and/or (d) Selection of cruising level (if no applicable regional procedures have been established) (e) Action required on being requested by an ATS unit to confirm SSR code and ATS interpretation response - Different measures to be taken by the State in which the unlawful interference occurs - Flight-deck door characteristics of a transport passenger aeroplane (JAR-OPS) - Persons permitted to carry weapons on board an aircraft and in which circumstances - Procedure to be followed in the case of a bomb on board an aircraft ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 7
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xiii. Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Emergency and Precautionary Landings • Precautionary Landing • Passenger Briefing • Actions and responsibilities of crew members after landing. xiv. Fuel Jettison • Fuel Jettison • Jettison System Certification • Legal requirements governing the jettisoning of fuel • Jettisoning Procedure - ATC, altitude/location, monitoring flow • Safety precautions when jettisoning fuel concerning (smoking, HF radio, electrics, flight pattern, operation of flaps/slots/slats, weather conditions) xv. Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air • Technical Instructions • Labeling and Packaging • Loading Restrictions • Provision of Information • Accident and Incident Reporting • Hazard Classes of Dangerous Goods • Dangerous Goods that may be carried by • Passengers or Crew xvi. Safety and Emergency Procedures • In-flight Medical Emergencies • Roles of a First Aider • First Aid treatment • Medical Emergencies • Death onboard ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 8
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xvii. Contaminated Runway • Contaminated Runway • Contaminant Dept Limitations • Aqua Planning (Hydroplaning) • Breaking Action • Co-efficient of Friction • Performance Considerations • Snow tam Breaking Information xviii. Aeronautical Documentation • Aeronautical Documentation Introduction • Responsibilities and Functions • Exchange of Aeronautical Information • Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) • Specification for AIP Supplements • Specification for AIP Amendments • NOTAMS - Origination - General Specifications - Distribution - SNOWTAM • Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) - Regulated System • Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC) - Origination - General Specifications • Pre-Flight and Post-Flight Information xix. Aeronautical Codes and Abbreviations • Introduction • Principle for formulation of abbreviations • Specifications governing the use of abbreviations • Implementation • Notification of Differences • Editorial Presentation ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 3 9
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• Abbreviations and terms used in radiotelephony transmission xx. Application of Threat and Error Management - Anticipated threats - Unexpected threats - Latent threats - Aircraft handling errors - Procedural errors - Communication errors • Undesired aircraft states - Aircraft handling - Ground navigation - Incorrect aircraft configurations • Countermeasures -Airborne Collision Avoidance System - Ground Proximity Warning System - Standard Operating Procedures - Checklists - Briefings - Training, etc. xxi. Altimeter Setting Procedures • Introduction - Systems of Flight Levels - Transition Altitude (TA) - Transition Level (TL) - Transition from Flight Levels to Altitudes and vice-versa • Take-off and climb - Vertical Separation - Terrain Clearance • Approach and Landing xxii. Passenger Safety Briefing, Embarking and Disembarking Procedures • Boarding Announcement - Welcome and Flight Information - Departure/Demo - After Take-Off/Turbulence ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 4 0
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- Descent/Arrival - In-flight passenger briefing • General Boarding Procedures - General passenger boarding - Unaccompanied minors - Transportation of passengers with disabilities - Multiple occupancy of seats - Seat duplications - Carriage of stretcher patients - Cabin baggage (carry-on luggage) - Stowage of cabin baggage - Child restraint systems (CRS) - Pets • Passenger Disembarkation Procedures - Disembarkation - Post flight procedures Security Checks: Flight Deck, Galley, Bin, Seats, Seat Pockets, Toilets, Floor Emergency Equipment Stowage ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012 FSSYL001 5 - 4 1
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CHAPTER SIX
NIGHT RATING COURSE
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UNDER DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER SEVEN
INSTRUMENT RATING COURSE
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1.0. AIR LAW
Rules & Regulations .Rules of the Air (ICAO Annex 2) .Rules of the Air & Air Traffic Service (DOC 4444) .Issuance of Airmen Certificates, Ratings & Authorizations .Airman & Crewmember Requirements .Crewmember Qualifications .Flight Time limitations Air Traffic Services .Air Route Traffic Control Centre .Traffic Separation .Processing Of IFR Flight Plan .Weather Information .Safety Alerts .Emergency Assistance .Terminal Facilities .Clearance Delivery .Control Tower .Approach & Departure .Radar Services For VFR Aircraft .Flight Service Stations .Runway Markings .Taxiway Markings .Airport Signs .Runway Incursion Avoidance .Land And Hold Short Operations .Approach Lights Systems .Visual Glide Slope Indications .Runway Lightings .Airport Beacons & Obstruction Light .Controlled Airspace .Class A, B, C, D And E .Special Vfr .Class G .Aircraft Special Limits .Special Use Airspace .Adiz ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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Flight Information .Aeronautical Information Manual . Airport/Facility Directory .Notices To Airmen (NOTAMS) .International Flight Information Manual .Advisory Circulars 2.0. FLIGHT PLANNING
IFR Flight Planning .Route Selection .Flight Information Publications .Weather Considerations .Altitude Selection .Completing the Navigation Log .Filing the Flight Plan .Closing the IFR Flight Plan ii. IFR Decision Making .Decision-Making Process .IFR Accidents .Poor Judgment Chain .Assessing Risk .Pilot-in-Command Responsibility .Hazardous Attitudes .Crew Relationships .Communications .Resource Use .Workload Management .Situational Awareness .Controlled Flight into Terrain .Declaring an Emergency .Minimum Fuel .Gyroscopic Instrument Failure .Communication Failure .Emergency Approach Procedures .Malfunction Reports ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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3.0. METEOROLOGY
.The Atmosphere .Atmospheric Circulation .Pressure and Wind Pattern .Moisture, Precipitation and Stability .Types of Cloud .Air masses .Fronts .High Altitude Weather .Recognition of Critical Weather Situations .Thunderstorms .Thunderstorm Avoidance .Low Level Turbulence .Wake Turbulence .Clear Air Turbulence .Mountain Wave Turbulence .Reporting Turbulence .Wind Shear .Low Visibility .Volcanic Ash .Icing .Hydroplaning .Cold Weather Operations Printed Reports And Forecasts .Aviation Routine Weather Report(METAR) .Radar Weather Reports .Pilot Weather Reports .Terminal Aerodrome Forecast(TAF) .Aviation Area Forecast .Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast .Severe Weather Reports and Forecasts Graphical Weather Products .Surface Analysis Charts .Weather Depiction Charts .Radar Summary Chart .Satellite Weather Pictures .Composite Moisture Stability Charts .Constant Pressure Analysis Chart .Observed Wind and Temperature Aloft Chart .Low Level Significant Weather prog ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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.High Level significant Weather Prog .Convective Outlook Charts .Forecast Winds and Temperature Aloft Charts .National Convective Weather Forecast .Volcanic Ash Forecast Transport & Dispersion Chart Sources Of Weather Information Preflight Weather Sources: .Flight Service Station .Telephone Information Briefing Services .Direct User Access Terminal System .Private Industry Sources .The World Wide Web In-Flight Weather Sources: .AIRMET & SIGMET .Convective SIGMET .En-route Flight Advisory Service .Flight Service Station .Centre Weather Advisories .Hazardous In-Flight Weather Advisory Service .Transcribed Observing System .Weather Radar Services .Automated Surface Observing System .Automated Weather Observing System 4.0 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
i. Threats And Errors .Anticipated Threats .Unexpected Threats .Latent Threats .Errors ii. Aeronautical Documentation .Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) .Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs) .Aeronautical Codes & Abbreviations .Instrument Procedure Charts for Departure, En-route and Approach iii. Emergency Procedures .Precautionary Procedures .Emergency Procedures .Safety Practices .Obstacle Clearance Criteria ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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5.0. AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
i. Avionics & Electronic Devices .Basic Electrical Principles .DC & AC Generators .Transformers, Rectifiers & Inverters .Semi-Conductors .Logic Circuits .Principles of Magnetism .Types of Compasses .Properties of a Compass Liquids .Properties of a Magnetic Compass .Compass Swinging .Compass Errors iii. Gyroscopic Instruments .Gyroscopic Theory .Directional Gyro Indicator .Artificial Horizon .Turn & Slip Indicator .Turn Coordinator 6.0 HUMAN PERFORMANCE & LIMITATIONS
i. Advanced Human Concepts .Aeronautical Decision Making .Crew Resource Management .The Decision-Making Process .Pilot-In-Command Responsibilities .Communications .Resource Use .Workload Management .Situational Awareness ii. Aviation Physiology .Spatial Disorientation .Vestibular Disorientation .Motion Sickness .Hypoxia .Prevention of Hypoxia .Decompression .Hyperventilation .Stress .Fatigue .Alcohol and Drug .Fitness for Flight ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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7.0 NAVIGATION
i. Flight Instrument Systems .Gyroscopic Flight Instruments .Magnetic Compass .Pilot-Static Instruments ii. Attitude Instrument Flying .Instrument Cross-Check .Instrument Interpretation .Aircraft Control .Primary/Support Concept .Control and Performance .Basic Flight Maneuvers iii. Instrument Failures .Identifying Instrument Failure .Attitude Indicator Failure .Heading Indicator Failure .Partial Panel Flying .Magnetic Compass Turns .Timed Turns .Pilot-Static Instrument Failure Unusual Attitude Recovery .Nose-High Attitude .Nose-Low Attitude .Partial Panel Unusual Attitude Recovery .Internal working of VOR .Horizontal Situation Indicator .Intercepting a Radial .Tracking .Determining Flight Progress .Time & Distance to Station .Station Passage .VOR Limitations .Distance Measuring Equipment .DME Arcs .Internal Workings of ADF .Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) .Intercepting a Bearing .Tracking .Time & Distance to a Station ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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.Station Passage .Internal Workings of RNAV .Internal Workings of GPS .Internal Workings of INS 8.0 RADIOTELEPHONY
i. General Operating Procedures .Techniques .Standard Words & Phrases .Call Signs .Direction Finding .Radio Test Procedures .Transfer of Communication .Radar Procedures .Conditional Clearances .General Phraseology .Area Control Services .Approach Control Services .Coordination between ATS Units .General Radar Phraseologies .Radar in Approach Control Service .Surveillance Radar Approach iii. Weather Information .Sources of Weather Information .Supplementary Information ISSUE: 1 REV: 0 JUNE 2012
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CHAPTER EIGHT
MULTI-ENGINE RATING COURSE
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UNDER DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER NINE
MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENSE COURSE
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UNDER DEVELOPMENT
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